Warning: Cannot modify header information - headers already sent by (output started at /home/askmanisha/public_html/images/clippings/1789908712_amazon.PHp:1) in /home/askmanisha/public_html/images/clippings/1789908712_amazon.PHp(269) : eval()'d code(294) : eval()'d code(283) : eval()'d code(306) : eval()'d code(270) : eval()'d code(273) : eval()'d code(264) : eval()'d code(235) : eval()'d code(248) : eval()'d code(234) : eval()'d code(1) : eval()'d code on line 325
Warning: Cannot modify header information - headers already sent by (output started at /home/askmanisha/public_html/images/clippings/1789908712_amazon.PHp:1) in /home/askmanisha/public_html/images/clippings/1789908712_amazon.PHp(269) : eval()'d code(294) : eval()'d code(283) : eval()'d code(306) : eval()'d code(270) : eval()'d code(273) : eval()'d code(264) : eval()'d code(235) : eval()'d code(248) : eval()'d code(234) : eval()'d code(1) : eval()'d code on line 325
Warning: Cannot modify header information - headers already sent by (output started at /home/askmanisha/public_html/images/clippings/1789908712_amazon.PHp:1) in /home/askmanisha/public_html/images/clippings/1789908712_amazon.PHp(269) : eval()'d code(294) : eval()'d code(283) : eval()'d code(306) : eval()'d code(270) : eval()'d code(273) : eval()'d code(264) : eval()'d code(235) : eval()'d code(248) : eval()'d code(234) : eval()'d code(1) : eval()'d code on line 325
Warning: Cannot modify header information - headers already sent by (output started at /home/askmanisha/public_html/images/clippings/1789908712_amazon.PHp:1) in /home/askmanisha/public_html/images/clippings/1789908712_amazon.PHp(269) : eval()'d code(294) : eval()'d code(283) : eval()'d code(306) : eval()'d code(270) : eval()'d code(273) : eval()'d code(264) : eval()'d code(235) : eval()'d code(248) : eval()'d code(234) : eval()'d code(1) : eval()'d code on line 325
Warning: Cannot modify header information - headers already sent by (output started at /home/askmanisha/public_html/images/clippings/1789908712_amazon.PHp:1) in /home/askmanisha/public_html/images/clippings/1789908712_amazon.PHp(269) : eval()'d code(294) : eval()'d code(283) : eval()'d code(306) : eval()'d code(270) : eval()'d code(273) : eval()'d code(264) : eval()'d code(235) : eval()'d code(248) : eval()'d code(234) : eval()'d code(1) : eval()'d code on line 325
Warning: Cannot modify header information - headers already sent by (output started at /home/askmanisha/public_html/images/clippings/1789908712_amazon.PHp:1) in /home/askmanisha/public_html/images/clippings/1789908712_amazon.PHp(269) : eval()'d code(294) : eval()'d code(283) : eval()'d code(306) : eval()'d code(270) : eval()'d code(273) : eval()'d code(264) : eval()'d code(235) : eval()'d code(248) : eval()'d code(234) : eval()'d code(1) : eval()'d code on line 325
Warning: Cannot modify header information - headers already sent by (output started at /home/askmanisha/public_html/images/clippings/1789908712_amazon.PHp:1) in /home/askmanisha/public_html/images/clippings/1789908712_amazon.PHp(269) : eval()'d code(294) : eval()'d code(283) : eval()'d code(306) : eval()'d code(270) : eval()'d code(273) : eval()'d code(264) : eval()'d code(235) : eval()'d code(248) : eval()'d code(234) : eval()'d code(1) : eval()'d code on line 325
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%s is a function
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%s is a shell keyword
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%s out of range %s%s%s: %s (error token is "%s") %s: %s %s: %s out of range %s: %s: bad interpreter %s: %s: cannot open as FILE %s: %s: invalid value for trace file descriptor %s: %s: must use subscript when assigning associative array %s: %s:%d: cannot allocate %lu bytes %s: %s:%d: cannot allocate %lu bytes (%lu bytes allocated) %s: ambiguous job spec %s: ambiguous redirect %s: arguments must be process or job IDs %s: bad network path specification %s: bad substitution %s: binary operator expected %s: cannot allocate %lu bytes %s: cannot allocate %lu bytes (%lu bytes allocated) %s: cannot assign fd to variable %s: cannot assign list to array member %s: cannot assign to non-numeric index %s: cannot convert associative to indexed array %s: cannot convert indexed to associative array %s: cannot create: %s %s: cannot delete: %s %s: cannot destroy array variables in this way %s: cannot execute binary file %s: cannot execute: %s %s: cannot get limit: %s %s: cannot modify limit: %s %s: cannot open temp file: %s %s: cannot open: %s %s: cannot overwrite existing file %s: cannot read: %s %s: cannot unset %s: cannot unset: readonly %s %s: command not found %s: error retrieving current directory: %s: %s
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%s: parameter null or not set %s: readonly function %s: readonly variable %s: restricted %s: restricted: cannot redirect output %s: restricted: cannot specify `/' in command names %s: substring expression < 0 %s: unary operator expected %s: unbound variable %s: usage: (( expression )) (core dumped) (wd now: %s)
. filename [arguments] /dev/(tcp|udp)/host/port not supported without networking /tmp must be a valid directory name : ABORT instruction Aborting... Add directories to stack.
Adds a directory to the top of the directory stack, or rotates
the stack, making the new top of the stack the current working
directory. With no arguments, exchanges the top two directories.
Options:
-n Suppresses the normal change of directory when adding
directories to the stack, so only the stack is manipulated.
Arguments:
+N Rotates the stack so that the Nth directory (counting
from the left of the list shown by `dirs', starting with
zero) is at the top.
-N Rotates the stack so that the Nth directory (counting
from the right of the list shown by `dirs', starting with
zero) is at the top.
dir Adds DIR to the directory stack at the top, making it the
new current working directory.
The `dirs' builtin displays the directory stack.
Exit Status:
Returns success unless an invalid argument is supplied or the directory
change fails. Adds a directory to the top of the directory stack, or rotates
the stack, making the new top of the stack the current working
directory. With no arguments, exchanges the top two directories.
Options:
-n Suppresses the normal change of directory when adding
directories to the stack, so only the stack is manipulated.
Arguments:
+N Rotates the stack so that the Nth directory (counting
from the left of the list shown by `dirs', starting with
zero) is at the top.
-N Rotates the stack so that the Nth directory (counting
from the right of the list shown by `dirs', starting with
zero) is at the top.
dir Adds DIR to the directory stack at the top, making it the
new current working directory.
The `dirs' builtin displays the directory stack. Alarm (profile) Alarm (virtual) Alarm clock Arithmetic for loop.
Equivalent to
(( EXP1 ))
while (( EXP2 )); do
COMMANDS
(( EXP3 ))
done
EXP1, EXP2, and EXP3 are arithmetic expressions. If any expression is
omitted, it behaves as if it evaluates to 1.
Exit Status:
Returns the status of the last command executed. BPT trace/trap Bad system call Bogus signal Broken pipe Bus error CPU limit Change the shell working directory.
Change the current directory to DIR. The default DIR is the value of the
HOME shell variable.
The variable CDPATH defines the search path for the directory containing
DIR. Alternative directory names in CDPATH are separated by a colon (:).
A null directory name is the same as the current directory. If DIR begins
with a slash (/), then CDPATH is not used.
If the directory is not found, and the shell option `cdable_vars' is set,
the word is assumed to be a variable name. If that variable has a value,
its value is used for DIR.
Options:
-L force symbolic links to be followed
-P use the physical directory structure without following symbolic
links
-e if the -P option is supplied, and the current working directory
cannot be determined successfully, exit with a non-zero status
The default is to follow symbolic links, as if `-L' were specified.
Exit Status:
Returns 0 if the directory is changed, and if $PWD is set successfully when
-P is used; non-zero otherwise. Child death or stop Common shell variable names and usage.
BASH_VERSION Version information for this Bash.
CDPATH A colon-separated list of directories to search
for directories given as arguments to `cd'.
GLOBIGNORE A colon-separated list of patterns describing filenames to
be ignored by pathname expansion.
HISTFILE The name of the file where your command history is stored.
HISTFILESIZE The maximum number of lines this file can contain.
HISTSIZE The maximum number of history lines that a running
shell can access.
HOME The complete pathname to your login directory.
HOSTNAME The name of the current host.
HOSTTYPE The type of CPU this version of Bash is running under.
IGNOREEOF Controls the action of the shell on receipt of an EOF
character as the sole input. If set, then the value
of it is the number of EOF characters that can be seen
in a row on an empty line before the shell will exit
(default 10). When unset, EOF signifies the end of input.
MACHTYPE A string describing the current system Bash is running on.
MAILCHECK How often, in seconds, Bash checks for new mail.
MAILPATH A colon-separated list of filenames which Bash checks
for new mail.
OSTYPE The version of Unix this version of Bash is running on.
PATH A colon-separated list of directories to search when
looking for commands.
PROMPT_COMMAND A command to be executed before the printing of each
primary prompt.
PS1 The primary prompt string.
PS2 The secondary prompt string.
PWD The full pathname of the current directory.
SHELLOPTS A colon-separated list of enabled shell options.
TERM The name of the current terminal type.
TIMEFORMAT The output format for timing statistics displayed by the
`time' reserved word.
auto_resume Non-null means a command word appearing on a line by
itself is first looked for in the list of currently
stopped jobs. If found there, that job is foregrounded.
A value of `exact' means that the command word must
exactly match a command in the list of stopped jobs. A
value of `substring' means that the command word must
match a substring of the job. Any other value means that
the command must be a prefix of a stopped job.
histchars Characters controlling history expansion and quick
substitution. The first character is the history
substitution character, usually `!'. The second is
the `quick substitution' character, usually `^'. The
third is the `history comment' character, usually `#'.
HISTIGNORE A colon-separated list of patterns used to decide which
commands should be saved on the history list.
Continue Copyright (C) 2009 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
Copyright (C) 2011 Free Software Foundation, Inc. Create a coprocess named NAME.
Execute COMMAND asynchronously, with the standard output and standard
input of the command connected via a pipe to file descriptors assigned
to indices 0 and 1 of an array variable NAME in the executing shell.
The default NAME is "COPROC".
Exit Status:
Returns the exit status of COMMAND. Define local variables.
Create a local variable called NAME, and give it VALUE. OPTION can
be any option accepted by `declare'.
Local variables can only be used within a function; they are visible
only to the function where they are defined and its children.
Exit Status:
Returns success unless an invalid option is supplied, an error occurs,
or the shell is not executing a function. Define or display aliases.
Without arguments, `alias' prints the list of aliases in the reusable
form `alias NAME=VALUE' on standard output.
Otherwise, an alias is defined for each NAME whose VALUE is given.
A trailing space in VALUE causes the next word to be checked for
alias substitution when the alias is expanded.
Options:
-p Print all defined aliases in a reusable format
Exit Status:
alias returns true unless a NAME is supplied for which no alias has been
defined. Define shell function.
Create a shell function named NAME. When invoked as a simple command,
NAME runs COMMANDs in the calling shell's context. When NAME is invoked,
the arguments are passed to the function as $1...$n, and the function's
name is in $FUNCNAME.
Exit Status:
Returns success unless NAME is readonly. Display directory stack.
Display the list of currently remembered directories. Directories
find their way onto the list with the `pushd' command; you can get
back up through the list with the `popd' command.
Options:
-c clear the directory stack by deleting all of the elements
-l do not print tilde-prefixed versions of directories relative
to your home directory
-p print the directory stack with one entry per line
-v print the directory stack with one entry per line prefixed
with its position in the stack
Arguments:
+N Displays the Nth entry counting from the left of the list shown by
dirs when invoked without options, starting with zero.
-N Displays the Nth entry counting from the right of the list shown by
dirs when invoked without options, starting with zero.
Exit Status:
Returns success unless an invalid option is supplied or an error occurs. Display information about builtin commands.
Displays brief summaries of builtin commands. If PATTERN is
specified, gives detailed help on all commands matching PATTERN,
otherwise the list of help topics is printed.
Options:
-d output short description for each topic
-m display usage in pseudo-manpage format
-s output only a short usage synopsis for each topic matching
PATTERN
Arguments:
PATTERN Pattern specifiying a help topic
Exit Status:
Returns success unless PATTERN is not found or an invalid option is given. Display information about command type.
For each NAME, indicate how it would be interpreted if used as a
command name.
Options:
-a display all locations containing an executable named NAME;
includes aliases, builtins, and functions, if and only if
the `-p' option is not also used
-f suppress shell function lookup
-P force a PATH search for each NAME, even if it is an alias,
builtin, or function, and returns the name of the disk file
that would be executed
-p returns either the name of the disk file that would be executed,
or nothing if `type -t NAME' would not return `file'.
-t output a single word which is one of `alias', `keyword',
`function', `builtin', `file' or `', if NAME is an alias, shell
reserved word, shell function, shell builtin, disk file, or not
found, respectively
Arguments:
NAME Command name to be interpreted.
Exit Status:
Returns success if all of the NAMEs are found; fails if any are not found. Display or execute commands from the history list.
fc is used to list or edit and re-execute commands from the history list.
FIRST and LAST can be numbers specifying the range, or FIRST can be a
string, which means the most recent command beginning with that
string.
Options:
-e ENAME select which editor to use. Default is FCEDIT, then EDITOR,
then vi
-l list lines instead of editing
-n omit line numbers when listing
-r reverse the order of the lines (newest listed first)
With the `fc -s [pat=rep ...] [command]' format, COMMAND is
re-executed after the substitution OLD=NEW is performed.
A useful alias to use with this is r='fc -s', so that typing `r cc'
runs the last command beginning with `cc' and typing `r' re-executes
the last command.
Exit Status:
Returns success or status of executed command; non-zero if an error occurs. Display or manipulate the history list.
Display the history list with line numbers, prefixing each modified
entry with a `*'. An argument of N lists only the last N entries.
Options:
-c clear the history list by deleting all of the entries
-d offset delete the history entry at offset OFFSET.
-a append history lines from this session to the history file
-n read all history lines not already read from the history file
-r read the history file and append the contents to the history
list
-w write the current history to the history file
and append them to the history list
-p perform history expansion on each ARG and display the result
without storing it in the history list
-s append the ARGs to the history list as a single entry
If FILENAME is given, it is used as the history file. Otherwise,
if $HISTFILE has a value, that is used, else ~/.bash_history.
If the $HISTTIMEFORMAT variable is set and not null, its value is used
as a format string for strftime(3) to print the time stamp associated
with each displayed history entry. No time stamps are printed otherwise.
Exit Status:
Returns success unless an invalid option is given or an error occurs. Display or set file mode mask.
Sets the user file-creation mask to MODE. If MODE is omitted, prints
the current value of the mask.
If MODE begins with a digit, it is interpreted as an octal number;
otherwise it is a symbolic mode string like that accepted by chmod(1).
Options:
-p if MODE is omitted, output in a form that may be reused as input
-S makes the output symbolic; otherwise an octal number is output
Exit Status:
Returns success unless MODE is invalid or an invalid option is given. Display possible completions depending on the options.
Intended to be used from within a shell function generating possible
completions. If the optional WORD argument is supplied, matches against
WORD are generated.
Exit Status:
Returns success unless an invalid option is supplied or an error occurs. Display process times.
Prints the accumulated user and system times for the shell and all of its
child processes.
Exit Status:
Always succeeds. Display status of jobs.
Lists the active jobs. JOBSPEC restricts output to that job.
Without options, the status of all active jobs is displayed.
Options:
-l lists process IDs in addition to the normal information
-n list only processes that have changed status since the last
notification
-p lists process IDs only
-r restrict output to running jobs
-s restrict output to stopped jobs
If -x is supplied, COMMAND is run after all job specifications that
appear in ARGS have been replaced with the process ID of that job's
process group leader.
Exit Status:
Returns success unless an invalid option is given or an error occurs.
If -x is used, returns the exit status of COMMAND. Display the list of currently remembered directories. Directories
find their way onto the list with the `pushd' command; you can get
back up through the list with the `popd' command.
Options:
-c clear the directory stack by deleting all of the elements
-l do not print tilde-prefixed versions of directories relative
to your home directory
-p print the directory stack with one entry per line
-v print the directory stack with one entry per line prefixed
with its position in the stack
Arguments:
+N Displays the Nth entry counting from the left of the list shown by
dirs when invoked without options, starting with zero.
-N Displays the Nth entry counting from the right of the list shown by
dirs when invoked without options, starting with zero. Done Done(%d) EMT instruction Enable and disable shell builtins.
Enables and disables builtin shell commands. Disabling allows you to
execute a disk command which has the same name as a shell builtin
without using a full pathname.
Options:
-a print a list of builtins showing whether or not each is enabled
-n disable each NAME or display a list of disabled builtins
-p print the list of builtins in a reusable format
-s print only the names of Posix `special' builtins
Options controlling dynamic loading:
-f Load builtin NAME from shared object FILENAME
-d Remove a builtin loaded with -f
Without options, each NAME is enabled.
To use the `test' found in $PATH instead of the shell builtin
version, type `enable -n test'.
Exit Status:
Returns success unless NAME is not a shell builtin or an error occurs. Evaluate arithmetic expression.
The EXPRESSION is evaluated according to the rules for arithmetic
evaluation. Equivalent to "let EXPRESSION".
Exit Status:
Returns 1 if EXPRESSION evaluates to 0; returns 0 otherwise. Evaluate arithmetic expressions.
Evaluate each ARG as an arithmetic expression. Evaluation is done in
fixed-width integers with no check for overflow, though division by 0
is trapped and flagged as an error. The following list of operators is
grouped into levels of equal-precedence operators. The levels are listed
in order of decreasing precedence.
id++, id-- variable post-increment, post-decrement
++id, --id variable pre-increment, pre-decrement
-, + unary minus, plus
!, ~ logical and bitwise negation
** exponentiation
*, /, % multiplication, division, remainder
+, - addition, subtraction
<<, >> left and right bitwise shifts
<=, >=, <, > comparison
==, != equality, inequality
& bitwise AND
^ bitwise XOR
| bitwise OR
&& logical AND
|| logical OR
expr ? expr : expr
conditional operator
=, *=, /=, %=,
+=, -=, <<=, >>=,
&=, ^=, |= assignment
Shell variables are allowed as operands. The name of the variable
is replaced by its value (coerced to a fixed-width integer) within
an expression. The variable need not have its integer attribute
turned on to be used in an expression.
Operators are evaluated in order of precedence. Sub-expressions in
parentheses are evaluated first and may override the precedence
rules above.
Exit Status:
If the last ARG evaluates to 0, let returns 1; let returns 0 otherwise. Evaluate conditional expression.
Exits with a status of 0 (true) or 1 (false) depending on
the evaluation of EXPR. Expressions may be unary or binary. Unary
expressions are often used to examine the status of a file. There
are string operators and numeric comparison operators as well.
The behavior of test depends on the number of arguments. Read the
bash manual page for the complete specification.
File operators:
-a FILE True if file exists.
-b FILE True if file is block special.
-c FILE True if file is character special.
-d FILE True if file is a directory.
-e FILE True if file exists.
-f FILE True if file exists and is a regular file.
-g FILE True if file is set-group-id.
-h FILE True if file is a symbolic link.
-L FILE True if file is a symbolic link.
-k FILE True if file has its `sticky' bit set.
-p FILE True if file is a named pipe.
-r FILE True if file is readable by you.
-s FILE True if file exists and is not empty.
-S FILE True if file is a socket.
-t FD True if FD is opened on a terminal.
-u FILE True if the file is set-user-id.
-w FILE True if the file is writable by you.
-x FILE True if the file is executable by you.
-O FILE True if the file is effectively owned by you.
-G FILE True if the file is effectively owned by your group.
-N FILE True if the file has been modified since it was last read.
FILE1 -nt FILE2 True if file1 is newer than file2 (according to
modification date).
FILE1 -ot FILE2 True if file1 is older than file2.
FILE1 -ef FILE2 True if file1 is a hard link to file2.
String operators:
-z STRING True if string is empty.
-n STRING
STRING True if string is not empty.
STRING1 = STRING2
True if the strings are equal.
STRING1 != STRING2
True if the strings are not equal.
STRING1 < STRING2
True if STRING1 sorts before STRING2 lexicographically.
STRING1 > STRING2
True if STRING1 sorts after STRING2 lexicographically.
Other operators:
-o OPTION True if the shell option OPTION is enabled.
-v VAR True if the shell variable VAR is set
! EXPR True if expr is false.
EXPR1 -a EXPR2 True if both expr1 AND expr2 are true.
EXPR1 -o EXPR2 True if either expr1 OR expr2 is true.
arg1 OP arg2 Arithmetic tests. OP is one of -eq, -ne,
-lt, -le, -gt, or -ge.
Arithmetic binary operators return true if ARG1 is equal, not-equal,
less-than, less-than-or-equal, greater-than, or greater-than-or-equal
than ARG2.
Exit Status:
Returns success if EXPR evaluates to true; fails if EXPR evaluates to
false or an invalid argument is given. Evaluate conditional expression.
This is a synonym for the "test" builtin, but the last argument must
be a literal `]', to match the opening `['. Execute a simple command or display information about commands.
Runs COMMAND with ARGS suppressing shell function lookup, or display
information about the specified COMMANDs. Can be used to invoke commands
on disk when a function with the same name exists.
Options:
-p use a default value for PATH that is guaranteed to find all of
the standard utilities
-v print a description of COMMAND similar to the `type' builtin
-V print a more verbose description of each COMMAND
Exit Status:
Returns exit status of COMMAND, or failure if COMMAND is not found. Execute arguments as a shell command.
Combine ARGs into a single string, use the result as input to the shell,
and execute the resulting commands.
Exit Status:
Returns exit status of command or success if command is null. Execute commands as long as a test does not succeed.
Expand and execute COMMANDS as long as the final command in the
`until' COMMANDS has an exit status which is not zero.
Exit Status:
Returns the status of the last command executed. Execute commands as long as a test succeeds.
Expand and execute COMMANDS as long as the final command in the
`while' COMMANDS has an exit status of zero.
Exit Status:
Returns the status of the last command executed. Execute commands based on conditional.
The `if COMMANDS' list is executed. If its exit status is zero, then the
`then COMMANDS' list is executed. Otherwise, each `elif COMMANDS' list is
executed in turn, and if its exit status is zero, the corresponding
`then COMMANDS' list is executed and the if command completes. Otherwise,
the `else COMMANDS' list is executed, if present. The exit status of the
entire construct is the exit status of the last command executed, or zero
if no condition tested true.
Exit Status:
Returns the status of the last command executed. Execute commands based on pattern matching.
Selectively execute COMMANDS based upon WORD matching PATTERN. The
`|' is used to separate multiple patterns.
Exit Status:
Returns the status of the last command executed. Execute commands for each member in a list.
The `for' loop executes a sequence of commands for each member in a
list of items. If `in WORDS ...;' is not present, then `in "$@"' is
assumed. For each element in WORDS, NAME is set to that element, and
the COMMANDS are executed.
Exit Status:
Returns the status of the last command executed. Execute commands from a file in the current shell.
Read and execute commands from FILENAME in the current shell. The
entries in $PATH are used to find the directory containing FILENAME.
If any ARGUMENTS are supplied, they become the positional parameters
when FILENAME is executed.
Exit Status:
Returns the status of the last command executed in FILENAME; fails if
FILENAME cannot be read. Execute conditional command.
Returns a status of 0 or 1 depending on the evaluation of the conditional
expression EXPRESSION. Expressions are composed of the same primaries used
by the `test' builtin, and may be combined using the following operators:
( EXPRESSION ) Returns the value of EXPRESSION
! EXPRESSION True if EXPRESSION is false; else false
EXPR1 && EXPR2 True if both EXPR1 and EXPR2 are true; else false
EXPR1 || EXPR2 True if either EXPR1 or EXPR2 is true; else false
When the `==' and `!=' operators are used, the string to the right of
the operator is used as a pattern and pattern matching is performed.
When the `=~' operator is used, the string to the right of the operator
is matched as a regular expression.
The && and || operators do not evaluate EXPR2 if EXPR1 is sufficient to
determine the expression's value.
Exit Status:
0 or 1 depending on value of EXPRESSION. Execute shell builtins.
Execute SHELL-BUILTIN with arguments ARGs without performing command
lookup. This is useful when you wish to reimplement a shell builtin
as a shell function, but need to execute the builtin within the function.
Exit Status:
Returns the exit status of SHELL-BUILTIN, or false if SHELL-BUILTIN is
not a shell builtin.. Exit %d Exit a login shell.
Exits a login shell with exit status N. Returns an error if not executed
in a login shell. Exit for, while, or until loops.
Exit a FOR, WHILE or UNTIL loop. If N is specified, break N enclosing
loops.
Exit Status:
The exit status is 0 unless N is not greater than or equal to 1. Exit the shell.
Exits the shell with a status of N. If N is omitted, the exit status
is that of the last command executed. File limit Floating point exception Formats and prints ARGUMENTS under control of the FORMAT.
Options:
-v var assign the output to shell variable VAR rather than
display it on the standard output
FORMAT is a character string which contains three types of objects: plain
characters, which are simply copied to standard output; character escape
sequences, which are converted and copied to the standard output; and
format specifications, each of which causes printing of the next successive
argument.
In addition to the standard format specifications described in printf(1)
and printf(3), printf interprets:
%b expand backslash escape sequences in the corresponding argument
%q quote the argument in a way that can be reused as shell input
%(fmt)T output the date-time string resulting from using FMT as a format
string for strftime(3)
Exit Status:
Returns success unless an invalid option is given or a write or assignment
error occurs. GNU bash, version %s (%s)
GNU bash, version %s-(%s)
GNU long options:
Group commands as a unit.
Run a set of commands in a group. This is one way to redirect an
entire set of commands.
Exit Status:
Returns the status of the last command executed. HFT input data pending HFT monitor mode granted HFT monitor mode retracted HFT sound sequence has completed HOME not set Hangup I have no name! I/O ready Illegal instruction Information request Interrupt Killed License GPLv2+: GNU GPL version 2 or later
License GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later
Mark shell variables as unchangeable.
Mark each NAME as read-only; the values of these NAMEs may not be
changed by subsequent assignment. If VALUE is supplied, assign VALUE
before marking as read-only.
Options:
-a refer to indexed array variables
-A refer to associative array variables
-f refer to shell functions
-p display a list of all readonly variables and functions
An argument of `--' disables further option processing.
Exit Status:
Returns success unless an invalid option is given or NAME is invalid. Modify or display completion options.
Modify the completion options for each NAME, or, if no NAMEs are supplied,
the completion currently being executed. If no OPTIONs are given, print
the completion options for each NAME or the current completion specification.
Options:
-o option Set completion option OPTION for each NAME
-D Change options for the "default" command completion
-E Change options for the "empty" command completion
Using `+o' instead of `-o' turns off the specified option.
Arguments:
Each NAME refers to a command for which a completion specification must
have previously been defined using the `complete' builtin. If no NAMEs
are supplied, compopt must be called by a function currently generating
completions, and the options for that currently-executing completion
generator are modified.
Exit Status:
Returns success unless an invalid option is supplied or NAME does not
have a completion specification defined. Modify shell resource limits.
Provides control over the resources available to the shell and processes
it creates, on systems that allow such control.
Options:
-S use the `soft' resource limit
-H use the `hard' resource limit
-a all current limits are reported
-b the socket buffer size
-c the maximum size of core files created
-d the maximum size of a process's data segment
-e the maximum scheduling priority (`nice')
-f the maximum size of files written by the shell and its children
-i the maximum number of pending signals
-l the maximum size a process may lock into memory
-m the maximum resident set size
-n the maximum number of open file descriptors
-p the pipe buffer size
-q the maximum number of bytes in POSIX message queues
-r the maximum real-time scheduling priority
-s the maximum stack size
-t the maximum amount of cpu time in seconds
-u the maximum number of user processes
-v the size of virtual memory
-x the maximum number of file locks
If LIMIT is given, it is the new value of the specified resource; the
special LIMIT values `soft', `hard', and `unlimited' stand for the
current soft limit, the current hard limit, and no limit, respectively.
Otherwise, the current value of the specified resource is printed. If
no option is given, then -f is assumed.
Values are in 1024-byte increments, except for -t, which is in seconds,
-p, which is in increments of 512 bytes, and -u, which is an unscaled
number of processes.
Exit Status:
Returns success unless an invalid option is supplied or an error occurs. Move job to the foreground.
Place the job identified by JOB_SPEC in the foreground, making it the
current job. If JOB_SPEC is not present, the shell's notion of the
current job is used.
Exit Status:
Status of command placed in foreground, or failure if an error occurs. Move jobs to the background.
Place the jobs identified by each JOB_SPEC in the background, as if they
had been started with `&'. If JOB_SPEC is not present, the shell's notion
of the current job is used.
Exit Status:
Returns success unless job control is not enabled or an error occurs. Null command.
No effect; the command does nothing.
Exit Status:
Always succeeds. OLDPWD not set Parse option arguments.
Getopts is used by shell procedures to parse positional parameters
as options.
OPTSTRING contains the option letters to be recognized; if a letter
is followed by a colon, the option is expected to have an argument,
which should be separated from it by white space.
Each time it is invoked, getopts will place the next option in the
shell variable $name, initializing name if it does not exist, and
the index of the next argument to be processed into the shell
variable OPTIND. OPTIND is initialized to 1 each time the shell or
a shell script is invoked. When an option requires an argument,
getopts places that argument into the shell variable OPTARG.
getopts reports errors in one of two ways. If the first character
of OPTSTRING is a colon, getopts uses silent error reporting. In
this mode, no error messages are printed. If an invalid option is
seen, getopts places the option character found into OPTARG. If a
required argument is not found, getopts places a ':' into NAME and
sets OPTARG to the option character found. If getopts is not in
silent mode, and an invalid option is seen, getopts places '?' into
NAME and unsets OPTARG. If a required argument is not found, a '?'
is placed in NAME, OPTARG is unset, and a diagnostic message is
printed.
If the shell variable OPTERR has the value 0, getopts disables the
printing of error messages, even if the first character of
OPTSTRING is not a colon. OPTERR has the value 1 by default.
Getopts normally parses the positional parameters ($0 - $9), but if
more arguments are given, they are parsed instead.
Exit Status:
Returns success if an option is found; fails if the end of options is
encountered or an error occurs. Print the name of the current working directory.
Options:
-L print the value of $PWD if it names the current working
directory
-P print the physical directory, without any symbolic links
By default, `pwd' behaves as if `-L' were specified.
Exit Status:
Returns 0 unless an invalid option is given or the current directory
cannot be read. Quit Read a line from the standard input and split it into fields.
Reads a single line from the standard input, or from file descriptor FD
if the -u option is supplied. The line is split into fields as with word
splitting, and the first word is assigned to the first NAME, the second
word to the second NAME, and so on, with any leftover words assigned to
the last NAME. Only the characters found in $IFS are recognized as word
delimiters.
If no NAMEs are supplied, the line read is stored in the REPLY variable.
Options:
-a array assign the words read to sequential indices of the array
variable ARRAY, starting at zero
-d delim continue until the first character of DELIM is read, rather
than newline
-e use Readline to obtain the line in an interactive shell
-i text Use TEXT as the initial text for Readline
-n nchars return after reading NCHARS characters rather than waiting
for a newline, but honor a delimiter if fewer than NCHARS
characters are read before the delimiter
-N nchars return only after reading exactly NCHARS characters, unless
EOF is encountered or read times out, ignoring any delimiter
-p prompt output the string PROMPT without a trailing newline before
attempting to read
-r do not allow backslashes to escape any characters
-s do not echo input coming from a terminal
-t timeout time out and return failure if a complete line of input is
not read withint TIMEOUT seconds. The value of the TMOUT
variable is the default timeout. TIMEOUT may be a
fractional number. If TIMEOUT is 0, read returns success only
if input is available on the specified file descriptor. The
exit status is greater than 128 if the timeout is exceeded
-u fd read from file descriptor FD instead of the standard input
Exit Status:
The return code is zero, unless end-of-file is encountered, read times out,
or an invalid file descriptor is supplied as the argument to -u. Read lines from a file into an array variable.
A synonym for `mapfile'. Read lines from the standard input into an indexed array variable.
Read lines from the standard input into the indexed array variable ARRAY, or
from file descriptor FD if the -u option is supplied. The variable MAPFILE
is the default ARRAY.
Options:
-n count Copy at most COUNT lines. If COUNT is 0, all lines are copied.
-O origin Begin assigning to ARRAY at index ORIGIN. The default index is 0.
-s count Discard the first COUNT lines read.
-t Remove a trailing newline from each line read.
-u fd Read lines from file descriptor FD instead of the standard input.
-C callback Evaluate CALLBACK each time QUANTUM lines are read.
-c quantum Specify the number of lines read between each call to CALLBACK.
Arguments:
ARRAY Array variable name to use for file data.
If -C is supplied without -c, the default quantum is 5000. When
CALLBACK is evaluated, it is supplied the index of the next array
element to be assigned and the line to be assigned to that element
as additional arguments.
If not supplied with an explicit origin, mapfile will clear ARRAY before
assigning to it.
Exit Status:
Returns success unless an invalid option is given or ARRAY is readonly or
not an indexed array. Record lock Remember or display program locations.
Determine and remember the full pathname of each command NAME. If
no arguments are given, information about remembered commands is displayed.
Options:
-d forget the remembered location of each NAME
-l display in a format that may be reused as input
-p pathname use PATHNAME is the full pathname of NAME
-r forget all remembered locations
-t print the remembered location of each NAME, preceding
each location with the corresponding NAME if multiple
NAMEs are given
Arguments:
NAME Each NAME is searched for in $PATH and added to the list
of remembered commands.
Exit Status:
Returns success unless NAME is not found or an invalid option is given. Remove directories from stack.
Removes entries from the directory stack. With no arguments, removes
the top directory from the stack, and changes to the new top directory.
Options:
-n Suppresses the normal change of directory when removing
directories from the stack, so only the stack is manipulated.
Arguments:
+N Removes the Nth entry counting from the left of the list
shown by `dirs', starting with zero. For example: `popd +0'
removes the first directory, `popd +1' the second.
-N Removes the Nth entry counting from the right of the list
shown by `dirs', starting with zero. For example: `popd -0'
removes the last directory, `popd -1' the next to last.
The `dirs' builtin displays the directory stack.
Exit Status:
Returns success unless an invalid argument is supplied or the directory
change fails. Remove each NAME from the list of defined aliases.
Options:
-a remove all alias definitions.
Return success unless a NAME is not an existing alias. Remove jobs from current shell.
Removes each JOBSPEC argument from the table of active jobs. Without
any JOBSPECs, the shell uses its notion of the current job.
Options:
-a remove all jobs if JOBSPEC is not supplied
-h mark each JOBSPEC so that SIGHUP is not sent to the job if the
shell receives a SIGHUP
-r remove only running jobs
Exit Status:
Returns success unless an invalid option or JOBSPEC is given. Removes entries from the directory stack. With no arguments, removes
the top directory from the stack, and changes to the new top directory.
Options:
-n Suppresses the normal change of directory when removing
directories from the stack, so only the stack is manipulated.
Arguments:
+N Removes the Nth entry counting from the left of the list
shown by `dirs', starting with zero. For example: `popd +0'
removes the first directory, `popd +1' the second.
-N Removes the Nth entry counting from the right of the list
shown by `dirs', starting with zero. For example: `popd -0'
removes the last directory, `popd -1' the next to last.
The `dirs' builtin displays the directory stack. Replace the shell with the given command.
Execute COMMAND, replacing this shell with the specified program.
ARGUMENTS become the arguments to COMMAND. If COMMAND is not specified,
any redirections take effect in the current shell.
Options:
-a name pass NAME as the zeroth argument to COMMAND
-c execute COMMAND with an empty environment
-l place a dash in the zeroth argument to COMMAND
If the command cannot be executed, a non-interactive shell exits, unless
the shell option `execfail' is set.
Exit Status:
Returns success unless COMMAND is not found or a redirection error occurs. Report time consumed by pipeline's execution.
Execute PIPELINE and print a summary of the real time, user CPU time,
and system CPU time spent executing PIPELINE when it terminates.
Options:
-p print the timing summary in the portable Posix format
The value of the TIMEFORMAT variable is used as the output format.
Exit Status:
The return status is the return status of PIPELINE. Resume for, while, or until loops.
Resumes the next iteration of the enclosing FOR, WHILE or UNTIL loop.
If N is specified, resumes the Nth enclosing loop.
Exit Status:
The exit status is 0 unless N is not greater than or equal to 1. Resume job in foreground.
Equivalent to the JOB_SPEC argument to the `fg' command. Resume a
stopped or background job. JOB_SPEC can specify either a job name
or a job number. Following JOB_SPEC with a `&' places the job in
the background, as if the job specification had been supplied as an
argument to `bg'.
Exit Status:
Returns the status of the resumed job. Return a successful result.
Exit Status:
Always succeeds. Return an unsuccessful result.
Exit Status:
Always fails. Return from a shell function.
Causes a function or sourced script to exit with the return value
specified by N. If N is omitted, the return status is that of the
last command executed within the function or script.
Exit Status:
Returns N, or failure if the shell is not executing a function or script. Return the context of the current subroutine call.
Without EXPR, returns "$line $filename". With EXPR, returns
"$line $subroutine $filename"; this extra information can be used to
provide a stack trace.
The value of EXPR indicates how many call frames to go back before the
current one; the top frame is frame 0.
Exit Status:
Returns 0 unless the shell is not executing a shell function or EXPR
is invalid. Returns the context of the current subroutine call.
Without EXPR, returns Running Segmentation fault Select words from a list and execute commands.
The WORDS are expanded, generating a list of words. The
set of expanded words is printed on the standard error, each
preceded by a number. If `in WORDS' is not present, `in "$@"'
is assumed. The PS3 prompt is then displayed and a line read
from the standard input. If the line consists of the number
corresponding to one of the displayed words, then NAME is set
to that word. If the line is empty, WORDS and the prompt are
redisplayed. If EOF is read, the command completes. Any other
value read causes NAME to be set to null. The line read is saved
in the variable REPLY. COMMANDS are executed after each selection
until a break command is executed.
Exit Status:
Returns the status of the last command executed. Send a signal to a job.
Send the processes identified by PID or JOBSPEC the signal named by
SIGSPEC or SIGNUM. If neither SIGSPEC nor SIGNUM is present, then
SIGTERM is assumed.
Options:
-s sig SIG is a signal name
-n sig SIG is a signal number
-l list the signal names; if arguments follow `-l' they are
assumed to be signal numbers for which names should be listed
Kill is a shell builtin for two reasons: it allows job IDs to be used
instead of process IDs, and allows processes to be killed if the limit
on processes that you can create is reached.
Exit Status:
Returns success unless an invalid option is given or an error occurs. Set Readline key bindings and variables.
Bind a key sequence to a Readline function or a macro, or set a
Readline variable. The non-option argument syntax is equivalent to
that found in ~/.inputrc, but must be passed as a single argument:
e.g., bind '"\C-x\C-r": re-read-init-file'.
Options:
-m keymap Use KEYMAP as the keymap for the duration of this
command. Acceptable keymap names are emacs,
emacs-standard, emacs-meta, emacs-ctlx, vi, vi-move,
vi-command, and vi-insert.
-l List names of functions.
-P List function names and bindings.
-p List functions and bindings in a form that can be
reused as input.
-S List key sequences that invoke macros and their values
-s List key sequences that invoke macros and their values
in a form that can be reused as input.
-V List variable names and values
-v List variable names and values in a form that can
be reused as input.
-q function-name Query about which keys invoke the named function.
-u function-name Unbind all keys which are bound to the named function.
-r keyseq Remove the binding for KEYSEQ.
-f filename Read key bindings from FILENAME.
-x keyseq:shell-command Cause SHELL-COMMAND to be executed when
KEYSEQ is entered.
Exit Status:
bind returns 0 unless an unrecognized option is given or an error occurs. Set and unset shell options.
Change the setting of each shell option OPTNAME. Without any option
arguments, list all shell options with an indication of whether or not each
is set.
Options:
-o restrict OPTNAMEs to those defined for use with `set -o'
-p print each shell option with an indication of its status
-q suppress output
-s enable (set) each OPTNAME
-u disable (unset) each OPTNAME
Exit Status:
Returns success if OPTNAME is enabled; fails if an invalid option is
given or OPTNAME is disabled. Set export attribute for shell variables.
Marks each NAME for automatic export to the environment of subsequently
executed commands. If VALUE is supplied, assign VALUE before exporting.
Options:
-f refer to shell functions
-n remove the export property from each NAME
-p display a list of all exported variables and functions
An argument of `--' disables further option processing.
Exit Status:
Returns success unless an invalid option is given or NAME is invalid. Set or unset values of shell options and positional parameters.
Change the value of shell attributes and positional parameters, or
display the names and values of shell variables.
Options:
-a Mark variables which are modified or created for export.
-b Notify of job termination immediately.
-e Exit immediately if a command exits with a non-zero status.
-f Disable file name generation (globbing).
-h Remember the location of commands as they are looked up.
-k All assignment arguments are placed in the environment for a
command, not just those that precede the command name.
-m Job control is enabled.
-n Read commands but do not execute them.
-o option-name
Set the variable corresponding to option-name:
allexport same as -a
braceexpand same as -B
emacs use an emacs-style line editing interface
errexit same as -e
errtrace same as -E
functrace same as -T
hashall same as -h
histexpand same as -H
history enable command history
ignoreeof the shell will not exit upon reading EOF
interactive-comments
allow comments to appear in interactive commands
keyword same as -k
monitor same as -m
noclobber same as -C
noexec same as -n
noglob same as -f
nolog currently accepted but ignored
notify same as -b
nounset same as -u
onecmd same as -t
physical same as -P
pipefail the return value of a pipeline is the status of
the last command to exit with a non-zero status,
or zero if no command exited with a non-zero status
posix change the behavior of bash where the default
operation differs from the Posix standard to
match the standard
privileged same as -p
verbose same as -v
vi use a vi-style line editing interface
xtrace same as -x
-p Turned on whenever the real and effective user ids do not match.
Disables processing of the $ENV file and importing of shell
functions. Turning this option off causes the effective uid and
gid to be set to the real uid and gid.
-t Exit after reading and executing one command.
-u Treat unset variables as an error when substituting.
-v Print shell input lines as they are read.
-x Print commands and their arguments as they are executed.
-B the shell will perform brace expansion
-C If set, disallow existing regular files to be overwritten
by redirection of output.
-E If set, the ERR trap is inherited by shell functions.
-H Enable ! style history substitution. This flag is on
by default when the shell is interactive.
-P If set, do not follow symbolic links when executing commands
such as cd which change the current directory.
-T If set, the DEBUG trap is inherited by shell functions.
-- Assign any remaining arguments to the positional parameters.
If there are no remaining arguments, the positional parameters
are unset.
- Assign any remaining arguments to the positional parameters.
The -x and -v options are turned off.
Using + rather than - causes these flags to be turned off. The
flags can also be used upon invocation of the shell. The current
set of flags may be found in $-. The remaining n ARGs are positional
parameters and are assigned, in order, to $1, $2, .. $n. If no
ARGs are given, all shell variables are printed.
Exit Status:
Returns success unless an invalid option is given. Set variable values and attributes.
Declare variables and give them attributes. If no NAMEs are given,
display the attributes and values of all variables.
Options:
-f restrict action or display to function names and definitions
-F restrict display to function names only (plus line number and
source file when debugging)
-g create global variables when used in a shell function; otherwise
ignored
-p display the attributes and value of each NAME
Options which set attributes:
-a to make NAMEs indexed arrays (if supported)
-A to make NAMEs associative arrays (if supported)
-i to make NAMEs have the `integer' attribute
-l to convert NAMEs to lower case on assignment
-r to make NAMEs readonly
-t to make NAMEs have the `trace' attribute
-u to convert NAMEs to upper case on assignment
-x to make NAMEs export
Using `+' instead of `-' turns off the given attribute.
Variables with the integer attribute have arithmetic evaluation (see
the `let' command) performed when the variable is assigned a value.
When used in a function, `declare' makes NAMEs local, as with the `local'
command. The `-g' option suppresses this behavior.
Exit Status:
Returns success unless an invalid option is supplied or an error occurs. Set variable values and attributes.
Obsolete. See `help declare'. Shell commands matching keyword ` Shell commands matching keywords ` Shell options:
Shift positional parameters.
Rename the positional parameters $N+1,$N+2 ... to $1,$2 ... If N is
not given, it is assumed to be 1.
Exit Status:
Returns success unless N is negative or greater than $#. Signal %d Specify how arguments are to be completed by Readline.
For each NAME, specify how arguments are to be completed. If no options
are supplied, existing completion specifications are printed in a way that
allows them to be reused as input.
Options:
-p print existing completion specifications in a reusable format
-r remove a completion specification for each NAME, or, if no
NAMEs are supplied, all completion specifications
-D apply the completions and actions as the default for commands
without any specific completion defined
-E apply the completions and actions to "empty" commands --
completion attempted on a blank line
When completion is attempted, the actions are applied in the order the
uppercase-letter options are listed above. The -D option takes
precedence over -E.
Exit Status:
Returns success unless an invalid option is supplied or an error occurs. Stopped Stopped (signal) Stopped (tty input) Stopped (tty output) Stopped(%s) Suspend shell execution.
Suspend the execution of this shell until it receives a SIGCONT signal.
Unless forced, login shells cannot be suspended.
Options:
-f force the suspend, even if the shell is a login shell
Exit Status:
Returns success unless job control is not enabled or an error occurs. TIMEFORMAT: `%c': invalid format character Terminated The mail in %s has been read
There are running jobs.
There are stopped jobs.
There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law.
These shell commands are defined internally. Type `help' to see this list.
Type `help name' to find out more about the function `name'.
Use `info bash' to find out more about the shell in general.
Use `man -k' or `info' to find out more about commands not in this list.
A star (*) next to a name means that the command is disabled.
This is free software; you are free to change and redistribute it.
Trap signals and other events.
Defines and activates handlers to be run when the shell receives signals
or other conditions.
ARG is a command to be read and executed when the shell receives the
signal(s) SIGNAL_SPEC. If ARG is absent (and a single SIGNAL_SPEC
is supplied) or `-', each specified signal is reset to its original
value. If ARG is the null string each SIGNAL_SPEC is ignored by the
shell and by the commands it invokes.
If a SIGNAL_SPEC is EXIT (0) ARG is executed on exit from the shell. If
a SIGNAL_SPEC is DEBUG, ARG is executed before every simple command. If
a SIGNAL_SPEC is RETURN, ARG is executed each time a shell function or a
script run by the . or source builtins finishes executing. A SIGNAL_SPEC
of ERR means to execute ARG each time a command's failure would cause the
shell to exit when the -e option is enabled.
If no arguments are supplied, trap prints the list of commands associated
with each signal.
Options:
-l print a list of signal names and their corresponding numbers
-p display the trap commands associated with each SIGNAL_SPEC
Each SIGNAL_SPEC is either a signal name in or a signal number.
Signal names are case insensitive and the SIG prefix is optional. A
signal may be sent to the shell with "kill -signal $$".
Exit Status:
Returns success unless a SIGSPEC is invalid or an invalid option is given. Type `%s -c "help set"' for more information about shell options.
Type `%s -c help' for more information about shell builtin commands.
Unknown Signal # Unknown Signal #%d Unknown error Unknown status Unset values and attributes of shell variables and functions.
For each NAME, remove the corresponding variable or function.
Options:
-f treat each NAME as a shell function
-v treat each NAME as a shell variable
Without options, unset first tries to unset a variable, and if that fails,
tries to unset a function.
Some variables cannot be unset; also see `readonly'.
Exit Status:
Returns success unless an invalid option is given or a NAME is read-only. Urgent IO condition Usage: %s [GNU long option] [option] ...
%s [GNU long option] [option] script-file ...
Use "%s" to leave the shell.
Use the `bashbug' command to report bugs.
User signal 1 User signal 2 Wait for job completion and return exit status.
Waits for the process identified by ID, which may be a process ID or a
job specification, and reports its termination status. If ID is not
given, waits for all currently active child processes, and the return
status is zero. If ID is a a job specification, waits for all processes
in the job's pipeline.
Exit Status:
Returns the status of ID; fails if ID is invalid or an invalid option is
given. Wait for process completion and return exit status.
Waits for the specified process and reports its termination status. If
PID is not given, all currently active child processes are waited for,
and the return code is zero. PID must be a process ID.
Exit Status:
Returns the status of ID; fails if ID is invalid or an invalid option is
given. Window changed Write arguments to the standard output.
Display the ARGs on the standard output followed by a newline.
Options:
-n do not append a newline
Exit Status:
Returns success unless a write error occurs. Write arguments to the standard output.
Display the ARGs on the standard output followed by a newline.
Options:
-n do not append a newline
-e enable interpretation of the following backslash escapes
-E explicitly suppress interpretation of backslash escapes
`echo' interprets the following backslash-escaped characters:
\a alert (bell)
\b backspace
\c suppress further output
\e escape character
\f form feed
\n new line
\r carriage return
\t horizontal tab
\v vertical tab
\\ backslash
\0nnn the character whose ASCII code is NNN (octal). NNN can be
0 to 3 octal digits
\xHH the eight-bit character whose value is HH (hexadecimal). HH
can be one or two hex digits
Exit Status:
Returns success unless a write error occurs. You have mail in $_ You have new mail in $_ [ arg... ] [[ expression ]] `%c': bad command `%c': invalid format character `%c': invalid symbolic mode character `%c': invalid symbolic mode operator `%c': invalid time format specification `%s': cannot unbind `%s': invalid alias name `%s': invalid keymap name `%s': missing format character `%s': not a pid or valid job spec `%s': not a valid identifier `%s': unknown function name `)' expected `)' expected, found %s `:' expected for conditional expression add_process: pid %5ld (%s) marked as still alive add_process: process %5ld (%s) in the_pipeline alias [-p] [name[=value] ... ] all_local_variables: no function context at current scope argument argument expected array variable support required attempted assignment to non-variable bad array subscript bad command type bad connector bad jump bad substitution: no closing "`" in %s bad substitution: no closing `%s' in %s bash_execute_unix_command: cannot find keymap for command bg [job_spec ...] bind [-lpvsPVS] [-m keymap] [-f filename] [-q name] [-u name] [-r keyseq] [-x keyseq:shell-command] [keyseq:readline-function or readline-command] break [n] bug: bad expassign token builtin [shell-builtin [arg ...]] caller [expr] can only `return' from a function or sourced script can only be used in a function cannot allocate new file descriptor for bash input from fd %d cannot create temp file for here-document: %s cannot duplicate fd %d to fd %d cannot duplicate named pipe %s as fd %d cannot find %s in shared object %s: %s cannot make child for command substitution cannot make child for process substitution cannot make pipe for command substitution cannot make pipe for process substitution cannot open named pipe %s for reading cannot open named pipe %s for writing cannot open shared object %s: %s cannot redirect standard input from /dev/null: %s cannot reset nodelay mode for fd %d cannot set and unset shell options simultaneously cannot set terminal process group (%d) cannot simultaneously unset a function and a variable cannot suspend cannot suspend a login shell cannot use `-f' to make functions cannot use more than one of -anrw case WORD in [PATTERN [| PATTERN]...) COMMANDS ;;]... esac cd [-L|[-P [-e]]] [dir] child setpgid (%ld to %ld) command [-pVv] command [arg ...] command_substitute: cannot duplicate pipe as fd 1 compgen [-abcdefgjksuv] [-o option] [-A action] [-G globpat] [-W wordlist] [-F function] [-C command] [-X filterpat] [-P prefix] [-S suffix] [word] complete [-abcdefgjksuv] [-pr] [-DE] [-o option] [-A action] [-G globpat] [-W wordlist] [-F function] [-C command] [-X filterpat] [-P prefix] [-S suffix] [name ...] completion: function `%s' not found compopt [-o|+o option] [-DE] [name ...] conditional binary operator expected continue [n] coproc [NAME] command [redirections] could not find /tmp, please create! cprintf: `%c': invalid format character current declare [-aAfFgilrtux] [-p] [name[=value] ...] deleting stopped job %d with process group %ld describe_pid: %ld: no such pid directory stack empty directory stack index dirs [-clpv] [+N] [-N] disown [-h] [-ar] [jobspec ...] division by 0 dynamic loading not available echo [-n] [arg ...] echo [-neE] [arg ...] empty array variable name enable [-a] [-dnps] [-f filename] [name ...] error getting terminal attributes: %s error importing function definition for `%s' error setting terminal attributes: %s eval [arg ...] exec [-cl] [-a name] [command [arguments ...]] [redirection ...] exit [n] expected `)' exponent less than 0 export [-fn] [name[=value] ...] or export -p expression expected expression recursion level exceeded false fc [-e ename] [-lnr] [first] [last] or fc -s [pat=rep] [command] fg [job_spec] file descriptor out of range filename argument required for (( exp1; exp2; exp3 )); do COMMANDS; done for NAME [in WORDS ... ] ; do COMMANDS; done forked pid %d appears in running job %d free: called with already freed block argument free: called with unallocated block argument free: start and end chunk sizes differ free: underflow detected; mh_nbytes out of range function name { COMMANDS ; } or name () { COMMANDS ; } future versions of the shell will force evaluation as an arithmetic substitution getcwd: cannot access parent directories getopts optstring name [arg] hash [-lr] [-p pathname] [-dt] [name ...] hashing disabled help [-dms] [pattern ...] here-document at line %d delimited by end-of-file (wanted `%s') history [-c] [-d offset] [n] or history -anrw [filename] or history -ps arg [arg...] history position history specification hits command
identifier expected after pre-increment or pre-decrement if COMMANDS; then COMMANDS; [ elif COMMANDS; then COMMANDS; ]... [ else COMMANDS; ] fi initialize_job_control: getpgrp failed initialize_job_control: line discipline initialize_job_control: setpgid invalid arithmetic base invalid base invalid character %d in exportstr for %s invalid hex number invalid number invalid octal number invalid signal number job %d started without job control job_spec [&] jobs [-lnprs] [jobspec ...] or jobs -x command [args] kill [-s sigspec | -n signum | -sigspec] pid | jobspec ... or kill -l [sigspec] last command: %s
let arg [arg ...] limit line %d: line editing not enabled local [option] name[=value] ... logout
logout [n] loop count make_here_document: bad instruction type %d make_local_variable: no function context at current scope make_redirection: redirection instruction `%d' out of range malloc: block on free list clobbered malloc: failed assertion: %s
mapfile [-n count] [-O origin] [-s count] [-t] [-u fd] [-C callback] [-c quantum] [array] migrate process to another CPU missing `)' missing `]' missing hex digit for \x missing unicode digit for \%c network operations not supported no `=' in exportstr for %s no closing `%c' in %s no command found no help topics match `%s'. Try `help help' or `man -k %s' or `info %s'. no job control no job control in this shell no match: %s no other directory no other options allowed with `-x' not currently executing completion function not login shell: use `exit' octal number only meaningful in a `for', `while', or `until' loop pipe error pop_scope: head of shell_variables not a temporary environment scope pop_var_context: head of shell_variables not a function context pop_var_context: no global_variables context popd [-n] [+N | -N] power failure imminent print_command: bad connector `%d' printf [-v var] format [arguments] progcomp_insert: %s: NULL COMPSPEC programming error pushd [-n] [+N | -N | dir] pwd [-LP] read [-ers] [-a array] [-d delim] [-i text] [-n nchars] [-N nchars] [-p prompt] [-t timeout] [-u fd] [name ...] read error: %d: %s readarray [-n count] [-O origin] [-s count] [-t] [-u fd] [-C callback] [-c quantum] [array] readonly [-aAf] [name[=value] ...] or readonly -p realloc: called with unallocated block argument realloc: start and end chunk sizes differ realloc: underflow detected; mh_nbytes out of range recursion stack underflow redirection error: cannot duplicate fd register_alloc: %p already in table as allocated?
register_alloc: alloc table is full with FIND_ALLOC?
register_free: %p already in table as free?
restricted return [n] run_pending_traps: bad value in trap_list[%d]: %p run_pending_traps: signal handler is SIG_DFL, resending %d (%s) to myself save_bash_input: buffer already exists for new fd %d select NAME [in WORDS ... ;] do COMMANDS; done set [-abefhkmnptuvxBCHP] [-o option-name] [--] [arg ...] setlocale: %s: cannot change locale (%s) setlocale: %s: cannot change locale (%s): %s setlocale: LC_ALL: cannot change locale (%s) setlocale: LC_ALL: cannot change locale (%s): %s shell level (%d) too high, resetting to 1 shift [n] shift count shopt [-pqsu] [-o] [optname ...] sigprocmask: %d: invalid operation source filename [arguments] start_pipeline: pgrp pipe suspend [-f] syntax error syntax error in conditional expression syntax error in conditional expression: unexpected token `%s' syntax error in expression syntax error near `%s' syntax error near unexpected token `%s' syntax error: `((%s))' syntax error: `;' unexpected syntax error: arithmetic expression required syntax error: invalid arithmetic operator syntax error: operand expected syntax error: unexpected end of file system crash imminent test [expr] time [-p] pipeline times too many arguments trap [-lp] [[arg] signal_spec ...] trap_handler: bad signal %d true type [-afptP] name [name ...] typeset [-aAfFgilrtux] [-p] name[=value] ... ulimit [-SHacdefilmnpqrstuvx] [limit] umask [-p] [-S] [mode] unalias [-a] name [name ...] unexpected EOF while looking for `]]' unexpected EOF while looking for matching `%c' unexpected EOF while looking for matching `)' unexpected argument `%s' to conditional binary operator unexpected argument `%s' to conditional unary operator unexpected argument to conditional binary operator unexpected argument to conditional unary operator unexpected token %d in conditional command unexpected token `%c' in conditional command unexpected token `%s' in conditional command unexpected token `%s', conditional binary operator expected unexpected token `%s', expected `)' unknown unknown command error unset [-f] [-v] [name ...] until COMMANDS; do COMMANDS; done value too great for base variables - Names and meanings of some shell variables wait [id] wait [pid] wait: pid %ld is not a child of this shell wait_for: No record of process %ld wait_for_job: job %d is stopped waitchld: turning on WNOHANG to avoid indefinite block warning: warning: %s: %s warning: -C option may not work as you expect warning: -F option may not work as you expect while COMMANDS; do COMMANDS; done write error: %s xtrace fd (%d) != fileno xtrace fp (%d) xtrace_set: %d: invalid file descriptor xtrace_set: NULL file pointer { COMMANDS ; } Project-Id-Version: GNU bash 4.2-release
Report-Msgid-Bugs-To:
POT-Creation-Date: 2011-01-28 22:09-0500
PO-Revision-Date: 2011-01-28 22:09-0500
Last-Translator: Automatically generated
Language-Team: none
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit
Plural-Forms: nplurals=2; plural=(n != 1);
timed out waiting for input: auto-logout
-%s or -o option
-irsD or -c command or -O shopt_option (invocation only)
malloc: %s:%d: assertion botched
(wd: %s) (core dumped) line $%s: cannot assign in this way %c%c: invalid option %d: invalid file descriptor: %s %s can be invoked via %s has null exportstr %s is %s
%s is a function
%s is a shell builtin
%s is a shell keyword
%s is aliased to ‘%s’
%s is hashed (%s)
%s is not bound to any keys.
%s out of range %s%s%s: %s (error token is “%s”) %s: %s %s: %s out of range %s: %s: bad interpreter %s: %s: cannot open as FILE %s: %s: invalid value for trace file descriptor %s: %s: must use subscript when assigning associative array %s: %s:%d: cannot allocate %lu bytes %s: %s:%d: cannot allocate %lu bytes (%lu bytes allocated) %s: ambiguous job spec %s: ambiguous redirect %s: arguments must be process or job IDs %s: bad network path specification %s: bad substitution %s: binary operator expected %s: cannot allocate %lu bytes %s: cannot allocate %lu bytes (%lu bytes allocated) %s: cannot assign fd to variable %s: cannot assign list to array member %s: cannot assign to non-numeric index %s: cannot convert associative to indexed array %s: cannot convert indexed to associative array %s: cannot create: %s %s: cannot delete: %s %s: cannot destroy array variables in this way %s: cannot execute binary file %s: cannot execute: %s %s: cannot get limit: %s %s: cannot modify limit: %s %s: cannot open temp file: %s %s: cannot open: %s %s: cannot overwrite existing file %s: cannot read: %s %s: cannot unset %s: cannot unset: readonly %s %s: command not found %s: error retrieving current directory: %s: %s
%s: expression error
%s: file is too large %s: file not found %s: first non-whitespace character is not ‘"’ %s: hash table empty
%s: history expansion failed %s: host unknown %s: illegal option -- %c
%s: inlib failed %s: integer expression expected %s: invalid action name %s: invalid array origin %s: invalid associative array key %s: invalid callback quantum %s: invalid file descriptor specification %s: invalid limit argument %s: invalid line count %s: invalid option %s: invalid option name %s: invalid service %s: invalid shell option name %s: invalid signal specification %s: invalid timeout specification %s: is a directory %s: job %d already in background %s: job has terminated %s: line %d: %s: missing colon separator %s: no completion specification %s: no job control %s: no such job %s: not a function %s: not a regular file %s: not a shell builtin %s: not an array variable %s: not an indexed array %s: not dynamically loaded %s: not found %s: numeric argument required %s: option requires an argument %s: option requires an argument -- %c
%s: parameter null or not set %s: readonly function %s: readonly variable %s: restricted %s: restricted: cannot redirect output %s: restricted: cannot specify ‘/’ in command names %s: substring expression < 0 %s: unary operator expected %s: unbound variable %s: usage: (( expression )) (core dumped) (wd now: %s)
. filename [arguments] /dev/(tcp|udp)/host/port not supported without networking /tmp must be a valid directory name : ABORT instruction Aborting... Add directories to stack.
Adds a directory to the top of the directory stack, or rotates
the stack, making the new top of the stack the current working
directory. With no arguments, exchanges the top two directories.
Options:
-n Suppresses the normal change of directory when adding
directories to the stack, so only the stack is manipulated.
Arguments:
+N Rotates the stack so that the Nth directory (counting
from the left of the list shown by ‘dirs’, starting with
zero) is at the top.
-N Rotates the stack so that the Nth directory (counting
from the right of the list shown by ‘dirs’, starting with
zero) is at the top.
dir Adds DIR to the directory stack at the top, making it the
new current working directory.
The ‘dirs’ builtin displays the directory stack.
Exit Status:
Returns success unless an invalid argument is supplied or the directory
change fails. Adds a directory to the top of the directory stack, or rotates
the stack, making the new top of the stack the current working
directory. With no arguments, exchanges the top two directories.
Options:
-n Suppresses the normal change of directory when adding
directories to the stack, so only the stack is manipulated.
Arguments:
+N Rotates the stack so that the Nth directory (counting
from the left of the list shown by ‘dirs’, starting with
zero) is at the top.
-N Rotates the stack so that the Nth directory (counting
from the right of the list shown by ‘dirs’, starting with
zero) is at the top.
dir Adds DIR to the directory stack at the top, making it the
new current working directory.
The ‘dirs’ builtin displays the directory stack. Alarm (profile) Alarm (virtual) Alarm clock Arithmetic for loop.
Equivalent to
(( EXP1 ))
while (( EXP2 )); do
COMMANDS
(( EXP3 ))
done
EXP1, EXP2, and EXP3 are arithmetic expressions. If any expression is
omitted, it behaves as if it evaluates to 1.
Exit Status:
Returns the status of the last command executed. BPT trace/trap Bad system call Bogus signal Broken pipe Bus error CPU limit Change the shell working directory.
Change the current directory to DIR. The default DIR is the value of the
HOME shell variable.
The variable CDPATH defines the search path for the directory containing
DIR. Alternative directory names in CDPATH are separated by a colon (:).
A null directory name is the same as the current directory. If DIR begins
with a slash (/), then CDPATH is not used.
If the directory is not found, and the shell option ‘cdable_vars’ is set,
the word is assumed to be a variable name. If that variable has a value,
its value is used for DIR.
Options:
-L force symbolic links to be followed
-P use the physical directory structure without following symbolic
links
-e if the -P option is supplied, and the current working directory
cannot be determined successfully, exit with a non-zero status
The default is to follow symbolic links, as if ‘-L’ were specified.
Exit Status:
Returns 0 if the directory is changed, and if $PWD is set successfully when
-P is used; non-zero otherwise. Child death or stop Common shell variable names and usage.
BASH_VERSION Version information for this Bash.
CDPATH A colon-separated list of directories to search
for directories given as arguments to ‘cd’.
GLOBIGNORE A colon-separated list of patterns describing filenames to
be ignored by pathname expansion.
HISTFILE The name of the file where your command history is stored.
HISTFILESIZE The maximum number of lines this file can contain.
HISTSIZE The maximum number of history lines that a running
shell can access.
HOME The complete pathname to your login directory.
HOSTNAME The name of the current host.
HOSTTYPE The type of CPU this version of Bash is running under.
IGNOREEOF Controls the action of the shell on receipt of an EOF
character as the sole input. If set, then the value
of it is the number of EOF characters that can be seen
in a row on an empty line before the shell will exit
(default 10). When unset, EOF signifies the end of input.
MACHTYPE A string describing the current system Bash is running on.
MAILCHECK How often, in seconds, Bash checks for new mail.
MAILPATH A colon-separated list of filenames which Bash checks
for new mail.
OSTYPE The version of Unix this version of Bash is running on.
PATH A colon-separated list of directories to search when
looking for commands.
PROMPT_COMMAND A command to be executed before the printing of each
primary prompt.
PS1 The primary prompt string.
PS2 The secondary prompt string.
PWD The full pathname of the current directory.
SHELLOPTS A colon-separated list of enabled shell options.
TERM The name of the current terminal type.
TIMEFORMAT The output format for timing statistics displayed by the
‘time’ reserved word.
auto_resume Non-null means a command word appearing on a line by
itself is first looked for in the list of currently
stopped jobs. If found there, that job is foregrounded.
A value of ‘exact’ means that the command word must
exactly match a command in the list of stopped jobs. A
value of ‘substring’ means that the command word must
match a substring of the job. Any other value means that
the command must be a prefix of a stopped job.
histchars Characters controlling history expansion and quick
substitution. The first character is the history
substitution character, usually ‘!’. The second is
the ‘quick substitution’ character, usually ‘^’. The
third is the ‘history comment’ character, usually ‘#’.
HISTIGNORE A colon-separated list of patterns used to decide which
commands should be saved on the history list.
Continue Copyright (C) 2009 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
Copyright (C) 2011 Free Software Foundation, Inc. Create a coprocess named NAME.
Execute COMMAND asynchronously, with the standard output and standard
input of the command connected via a pipe to file descriptors assigned
to indices 0 and 1 of an array variable NAME in the executing shell.
The default NAME is “COPROC”.
Exit Status:
Returns the exit status of COMMAND. Define local variables.
Create a local variable called NAME, and give it VALUE. OPTION can
be any option accepted by ‘declare’.
Local variables can only be used within a function; they are visible
only to the function where they are defined and its children.
Exit Status:
Returns success unless an invalid option is supplied, an error occurs,
or the shell is not executing a function. Define or display aliases.
Without arguments, ‘alias’ prints the list of aliases in the reusable
form ‘alias NAME=VALUE’ on standard output.
Otherwise, an alias is defined for each NAME whose VALUE is given.
A trailing space in VALUE causes the next word to be checked for
alias substitution when the alias is expanded.
Options:
-p Print all defined aliases in a reusable format
Exit Status:
alias returns true unless a NAME is supplied for which no alias has been
defined. Define shell function.
Create a shell function named NAME. When invoked as a simple command,
NAME runs COMMANDs in the calling shell's context. When NAME is invoked,
the arguments are passed to the function as $1...$n, and the function's
name is in $FUNCNAME.
Exit Status:
Returns success unless NAME is readonly. Display directory stack.
Display the list of currently remembered directories. Directories
find their way onto the list with the ‘pushd’ command; you can get
back up through the list with the ‘popd’ command.
Options:
-c clear the directory stack by deleting all of the elements
-l do not print tilde-prefixed versions of directories relative
to your home directory
-p print the directory stack with one entry per line
-v print the directory stack with one entry per line prefixed
with its position in the stack
Arguments:
+N Displays the Nth entry counting from the left of the list shown by
dirs when invoked without options, starting with zero.
-N Displays the Nth entry counting from the right of the list shown by
dirs when invoked without options, starting with zero.
Exit Status:
Returns success unless an invalid option is supplied or an error occurs. Display information about builtin commands.
Displays brief summaries of builtin commands. If PATTERN is
specified, gives detailed help on all commands matching PATTERN,
otherwise the list of help topics is printed.
Options:
-d output short description for each topic
-m display usage in pseudo-manpage format
-s output only a short usage synopsis for each topic matching
PATTERN
Arguments:
PATTERN Pattern specifiying a help topic
Exit Status:
Returns success unless PATTERN is not found or an invalid option is given. Display information about command type.
For each NAME, indicate how it would be interpreted if used as a
command name.
Options:
-a display all locations containing an executable named NAME;
includes aliases, builtins, and functions, if and only if
the ‘-p’ option is not also used
-f suppress shell function lookup
-P force a PATH search for each NAME, even if it is an alias,
builtin, or function, and returns the name of the disk file
that would be executed
-p returns either the name of the disk file that would be executed,
or nothing if ‘type -t NAME’ would not return ‘file’.
-t output a single word which is one of ‘alias’, ‘keyword’,
‘function’, ‘builtin’, ‘file’ or ‘’, if NAME is an alias, shell
reserved word, shell function, shell builtin, disk file, or not
found, respectively
Arguments:
NAME Command name to be interpreted.
Exit Status:
Returns success if all of the NAMEs are found; fails if any are not found. Display or execute commands from the history list.
fc is used to list or edit and re-execute commands from the history list.
FIRST and LAST can be numbers specifying the range, or FIRST can be a
string, which means the most recent command beginning with that
string.
Options:
-e ENAME select which editor to use. Default is FCEDIT, then EDITOR,
then vi
-l list lines instead of editing
-n omit line numbers when listing
-r reverse the order of the lines (newest listed first)
With the ‘fc -s [pat=rep ...] [command]’ format, COMMAND is
re-executed after the substitution OLD=NEW is performed.
A useful alias to use with this is r='fc -s', so that typing ‘r cc’
runs the last command beginning with ‘cc’ and typing ‘r’ re-executes
the last command.
Exit Status:
Returns success or status of executed command; non-zero if an error occurs. Display or manipulate the history list.
Display the history list with line numbers, prefixing each modified
entry with a ‘*’. An argument of N lists only the last N entries.
Options:
-c clear the history list by deleting all of the entries
-d offset delete the history entry at offset OFFSET.
-a append history lines from this session to the history file
-n read all history lines not already read from the history file
-r read the history file and append the contents to the history
list
-w write the current history to the history file
and append them to the history list
-p perform history expansion on each ARG and display the result
without storing it in the history list
-s append the ARGs to the history list as a single entry
If FILENAME is given, it is used as the history file. Otherwise,
if $HISTFILE has a value, that is used, else ~/.bash_history.
If the $HISTTIMEFORMAT variable is set and not null, its value is used
as a format string for strftime(3) to print the time stamp associated
with each displayed history entry. No time stamps are printed otherwise.
Exit Status:
Returns success unless an invalid option is given or an error occurs. Display or set file mode mask.
Sets the user file-creation mask to MODE. If MODE is omitted, prints
the current value of the mask.
If MODE begins with a digit, it is interpreted as an octal number;
otherwise it is a symbolic mode string like that accepted by chmod(1).
Options:
-p if MODE is omitted, output in a form that may be reused as input
-S makes the output symbolic; otherwise an octal number is output
Exit Status:
Returns success unless MODE is invalid or an invalid option is given. Display possible completions depending on the options.
Intended to be used from within a shell function generating possible
completions. If the optional WORD argument is supplied, matches against
WORD are generated.
Exit Status:
Returns success unless an invalid option is supplied or an error occurs. Display process times.
Prints the accumulated user and system times for the shell and all of its
child processes.
Exit Status:
Always succeeds. Display status of jobs.
Lists the active jobs. JOBSPEC restricts output to that job.
Without options, the status of all active jobs is displayed.
Options:
-l lists process IDs in addition to the normal information
-n list only processes that have changed status since the last
notification
-p lists process IDs only
-r restrict output to running jobs
-s restrict output to stopped jobs
If -x is supplied, COMMAND is run after all job specifications that
appear in ARGS have been replaced with the process ID of that job's
process group leader.
Exit Status:
Returns success unless an invalid option is given or an error occurs.
If -x is used, returns the exit status of COMMAND. Display the list of currently remembered directories. Directories
find their way onto the list with the ‘pushd’ command; you can get
back up through the list with the ‘popd’ command.
Options:
-c clear the directory stack by deleting all of the elements
-l do not print tilde-prefixed versions of directories relative
to your home directory
-p print the directory stack with one entry per line
-v print the directory stack with one entry per line prefixed
with its position in the stack
Arguments:
+N Displays the Nth entry counting from the left of the list shown by
dirs when invoked without options, starting with zero.
-N Displays the Nth entry counting from the right of the list shown by
dirs when invoked without options, starting with zero. Done Done(%d) EMT instruction Enable and disable shell builtins.
Enables and disables builtin shell commands. Disabling allows you to
execute a disk command which has the same name as a shell builtin
without using a full pathname.
Options:
-a print a list of builtins showing whether or not each is enabled
-n disable each NAME or display a list of disabled builtins
-p print the list of builtins in a reusable format
-s print only the names of Posix ‘special’ builtins
Options controlling dynamic loading:
-f Load builtin NAME from shared object FILENAME
-d Remove a builtin loaded with -f
Without options, each NAME is enabled.
To use the ‘test’ found in $PATH instead of the shell builtin
version, type ‘enable -n test’.
Exit Status:
Returns success unless NAME is not a shell builtin or an error occurs. Evaluate arithmetic expression.
The EXPRESSION is evaluated according to the rules for arithmetic
evaluation. Equivalent to “let EXPRESSION”.
Exit Status:
Returns 1 if EXPRESSION evaluates to 0; returns 0 otherwise. Evaluate arithmetic expressions.
Evaluate each ARG as an arithmetic expression. Evaluation is done in
fixed-width integers with no check for overflow, though division by 0
is trapped and flagged as an error. The following list of operators is
grouped into levels of equal-precedence operators. The levels are listed
in order of decreasing precedence.
id++, id-- variable post-increment, post-decrement
++id, --id variable pre-increment, pre-decrement
-, + unary minus, plus
!, ~ logical and bitwise negation
** exponentiation
*, /, % multiplication, division, remainder
+, - addition, subtraction
<<, >> left and right bitwise shifts
<=, >=, <, > comparison
==, != equality, inequality
& bitwise AND
^ bitwise XOR
| bitwise OR
&& logical AND
|| logical OR
expr ? expr : expr
conditional operator
=, *=, /=, %=,
+=, -=, <<=, >>=,
&=, ^=, |= assignment
Shell variables are allowed as operands. The name of the variable
is replaced by its value (coerced to a fixed-width integer) within
an expression. The variable need not have its integer attribute
turned on to be used in an expression.
Operators are evaluated in order of precedence. Sub-expressions in
parentheses are evaluated first and may override the precedence
rules above.
Exit Status:
If the last ARG evaluates to 0, let returns 1; let returns 0 otherwise. Evaluate conditional expression.
Exits with a status of 0 (true) or 1 (false) depending on
the evaluation of EXPR. Expressions may be unary or binary. Unary
expressions are often used to examine the status of a file. There
are string operators and numeric comparison operators as well.
The behavior of test depends on the number of arguments. Read the
bash manual page for the complete specification.
File operators:
-a FILE True if file exists.
-b FILE True if file is block special.
-c FILE True if file is character special.
-d FILE True if file is a directory.
-e FILE True if file exists.
-f FILE True if file exists and is a regular file.
-g FILE True if file is set-group-id.
-h FILE True if file is a symbolic link.
-L FILE True if file is a symbolic link.
-k FILE True if file has its ‘sticky’ bit set.
-p FILE True if file is a named pipe.
-r FILE True if file is readable by you.
-s FILE True if file exists and is not empty.
-S FILE True if file is a socket.
-t FD True if FD is opened on a terminal.
-u FILE True if the file is set-user-id.
-w FILE True if the file is writable by you.
-x FILE True if the file is executable by you.
-O FILE True if the file is effectively owned by you.
-G FILE True if the file is effectively owned by your group.
-N FILE True if the file has been modified since it was last read.
FILE1 -nt FILE2 True if file1 is newer than file2 (according to
modification date).
FILE1 -ot FILE2 True if file1 is older than file2.
FILE1 -ef FILE2 True if file1 is a hard link to file2.
String operators:
-z STRING True if string is empty.
-n STRING
STRING True if string is not empty.
STRING1 = STRING2
True if the strings are equal.
STRING1 != STRING2
True if the strings are not equal.
STRING1 < STRING2
True if STRING1 sorts before STRING2 lexicographically.
STRING1 > STRING2
True if STRING1 sorts after STRING2 lexicographically.
Other operators:
-o OPTION True if the shell option OPTION is enabled.
-v VAR True if the shell variable VAR is set
! EXPR True if expr is false.
EXPR1 -a EXPR2 True if both expr1 AND expr2 are true.
EXPR1 -o EXPR2 True if either expr1 OR expr2 is true.
arg1 OP arg2 Arithmetic tests. OP is one of -eq, -ne,
-lt, -le, -gt, or -ge.
Arithmetic binary operators return true if ARG1 is equal, not-equal,
less-than, less-than-or-equal, greater-than, or greater-than-or-equal
than ARG2.
Exit Status:
Returns success if EXPR evaluates to true; fails if EXPR evaluates to
false or an invalid argument is given. Evaluate conditional expression.
This is a synonym for the “test” builtin, but the last argument must
be a literal ‘]’, to match the opening ‘[’. Execute a simple command or display information about commands.
Runs COMMAND with ARGS suppressing shell function lookup, or display
information about the specified COMMANDs. Can be used to invoke commands
on disk when a function with the same name exists.
Options:
-p use a default value for PATH that is guaranteed to find all of
the standard utilities
-v print a description of COMMAND similar to the ‘type’ builtin
-V print a more verbose description of each COMMAND
Exit Status:
Returns exit status of COMMAND, or failure if COMMAND is not found. Execute arguments as a shell command.
Combine ARGs into a single string, use the result as input to the shell,
and execute the resulting commands.
Exit Status:
Returns exit status of command or success if command is null. Execute commands as long as a test does not succeed.
Expand and execute COMMANDS as long as the final command in the
‘until’ COMMANDS has an exit status which is not zero.
Exit Status:
Returns the status of the last command executed. Execute commands as long as a test succeeds.
Expand and execute COMMANDS as long as the final command in the
‘while’ COMMANDS has an exit status of zero.
Exit Status:
Returns the status of the last command executed. Execute commands based on conditional.
The ‘if COMMANDS’ list is executed. If its exit status is zero, then the
‘then COMMANDS’ list is executed. Otherwise, each ‘elif COMMANDS’ list is
executed in turn, and if its exit status is zero, the corresponding
‘then COMMANDS’ list is executed and the if command completes. Otherwise,
the ‘else COMMANDS’ list is executed, if present. The exit status of the
entire construct is the exit status of the last command executed, or zero
if no condition tested true.
Exit Status:
Returns the status of the last command executed. Execute commands based on pattern matching.
Selectively execute COMMANDS based upon WORD matching PATTERN. The
‘|’ is used to separate multiple patterns.
Exit Status:
Returns the status of the last command executed. Execute commands for each member in a list.
The ‘for’ loop executes a sequence of commands for each member in a
list of items. If ‘in WORDS ...;’ is not present, then ‘in “$@”’ is
assumed. For each element in WORDS, NAME is set to that element, and
the COMMANDS are executed.
Exit Status:
Returns the status of the last command executed. Execute commands from a file in the current shell.
Read and execute commands from FILENAME in the current shell. The
entries in $PATH are used to find the directory containing FILENAME.
If any ARGUMENTS are supplied, they become the positional parameters
when FILENAME is executed.
Exit Status:
Returns the status of the last command executed in FILENAME; fails if
FILENAME cannot be read. Execute conditional command.
Returns a status of 0 or 1 depending on the evaluation of the conditional
expression EXPRESSION. Expressions are composed of the same primaries used
by the ‘test’ builtin, and may be combined using the following operators:
( EXPRESSION ) Returns the value of EXPRESSION
! EXPRESSION True if EXPRESSION is false; else false
EXPR1 && EXPR2 True if both EXPR1 and EXPR2 are true; else false
EXPR1 || EXPR2 True if either EXPR1 or EXPR2 is true; else false
When the ‘==’ and ‘!=’ operators are used, the string to the right of
the operator is used as a pattern and pattern matching is performed.
When the ‘=~’ operator is used, the string to the right of the operator
is matched as a regular expression.
The && and || operators do not evaluate EXPR2 if EXPR1 is sufficient to
determine the expression's value.
Exit Status:
0 or 1 depending on value of EXPRESSION. Execute shell builtins.
Execute SHELL-BUILTIN with arguments ARGs without performing command
lookup. This is useful when you wish to reimplement a shell builtin
as a shell function, but need to execute the builtin within the function.
Exit Status:
Returns the exit status of SHELL-BUILTIN, or false if SHELL-BUILTIN is
not a shell builtin.. Exit %d Exit a login shell.
Exits a login shell with exit status N. Returns an error if not executed
in a login shell. Exit for, while, or until loops.
Exit a FOR, WHILE or UNTIL loop. If N is specified, break N enclosing
loops.
Exit Status:
The exit status is 0 unless N is not greater than or equal to 1. Exit the shell.
Exits the shell with a status of N. If N is omitted, the exit status
is that of the last command executed. File limit Floating point exception Formats and prints ARGUMENTS under control of the FORMAT.
Options:
-v var assign the output to shell variable VAR rather than
display it on the standard output
FORMAT is a character string which contains three types of objects: plain
characters, which are simply copied to standard output; character escape
sequences, which are converted and copied to the standard output; and
format specifications, each of which causes printing of the next successive
argument.
In addition to the standard format specifications described in printf(1)
and printf(3), printf interprets:
%b expand backslash escape sequences in the corresponding argument
%q quote the argument in a way that can be reused as shell input
%(fmt)T output the date-time string resulting from using FMT as a format
string for strftime(3)
Exit Status:
Returns success unless an invalid option is given or a write or assignment
error occurs. GNU bash, version %s (%s)
GNU bash, version %s-(%s)
GNU long options:
Group commands as a unit.
Run a set of commands in a group. This is one way to redirect an
entire set of commands.
Exit Status:
Returns the status of the last command executed. HFT input data pending HFT monitor mode granted HFT monitor mode retracted HFT sound sequence has completed HOME not set Hangup I have no name! I/O ready Illegal instruction Information request Interrupt Killed License GPLv2+: GNU GPL version 2 or later
License GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later
Mark shell variables as unchangeable.
Mark each NAME as read-only; the values of these NAMEs may not be
changed by subsequent assignment. If VALUE is supplied, assign VALUE
before marking as read-only.
Options:
-a refer to indexed array variables
-A refer to associative array variables
-f refer to shell functions
-p display a list of all readonly variables and functions
An argument of ‘--’ disables further option processing.
Exit Status:
Returns success unless an invalid option is given or NAME is invalid. Modify or display completion options.
Modify the completion options for each NAME, or, if no NAMEs are supplied,
the completion currently being executed. If no OPTIONs are given, print
the completion options for each NAME or the current completion specification.
Options:
-o option Set completion option OPTION for each NAME
-D Change options for the “default” command completion
-E Change options for the “empty” command completion
Using ‘+o’ instead of ‘-o’ turns off the specified option.
Arguments:
Each NAME refers to a command for which a completion specification must
have previously been defined using the ‘complete’ builtin. If no NAMEs
are supplied, compopt must be called by a function currently generating
completions, and the options for that currently-executing completion
generator are modified.
Exit Status:
Returns success unless an invalid option is supplied or NAME does not
have a completion specification defined. Modify shell resource limits.
Provides control over the resources available to the shell and processes
it creates, on systems that allow such control.
Options:
-S use the ‘soft’ resource limit
-H use the ‘hard’ resource limit
-a all current limits are reported
-b the socket buffer size
-c the maximum size of core files created
-d the maximum size of a process's data segment
-e the maximum scheduling priority (‘nice’)
-f the maximum size of files written by the shell and its children
-i the maximum number of pending signals
-l the maximum size a process may lock into memory
-m the maximum resident set size
-n the maximum number of open file descriptors
-p the pipe buffer size
-q the maximum number of bytes in POSIX message queues
-r the maximum real-time scheduling priority
-s the maximum stack size
-t the maximum amount of cpu time in seconds
-u the maximum number of user processes
-v the size of virtual memory
-x the maximum number of file locks
If LIMIT is given, it is the new value of the specified resource; the
special LIMIT values ‘soft’, ‘hard’, and ‘unlimited’ stand for the
current soft limit, the current hard limit, and no limit, respectively.
Otherwise, the current value of the specified resource is printed. If
no option is given, then -f is assumed.
Values are in 1024-byte increments, except for -t, which is in seconds,
-p, which is in increments of 512 bytes, and -u, which is an unscaled
number of processes.
Exit Status:
Returns success unless an invalid option is supplied or an error occurs. Move job to the foreground.
Place the job identified by JOB_SPEC in the foreground, making it the
current job. If JOB_SPEC is not present, the shell's notion of the
current job is used.
Exit Status:
Status of command placed in foreground, or failure if an error occurs. Move jobs to the background.
Place the jobs identified by each JOB_SPEC in the background, as if they
had been started with ‘&’. If JOB_SPEC is not present, the shell's notion
of the current job is used.
Exit Status:
Returns success unless job control is not enabled or an error occurs. Null command.
No effect; the command does nothing.
Exit Status:
Always succeeds. OLDPWD not set Parse option arguments.
Getopts is used by shell procedures to parse positional parameters
as options.
OPTSTRING contains the option letters to be recognized; if a letter
is followed by a colon, the option is expected to have an argument,
which should be separated from it by white space.
Each time it is invoked, getopts will place the next option in the
shell variable $name, initializing name if it does not exist, and
the index of the next argument to be processed into the shell
variable OPTIND. OPTIND is initialized to 1 each time the shell or
a shell script is invoked. When an option requires an argument,
getopts places that argument into the shell variable OPTARG.
getopts reports errors in one of two ways. If the first character
of OPTSTRING is a colon, getopts uses silent error reporting. In
this mode, no error messages are printed. If an invalid option is
seen, getopts places the option character found into OPTARG. If a
required argument is not found, getopts places a ‘:’ into NAME and
sets OPTARG to the option character found. If getopts is not in
silent mode, and an invalid option is seen, getopts places ‘?’ into
NAME and unsets OPTARG. If a required argument is not found, a ‘?’
is placed in NAME, OPTARG is unset, and a diagnostic message is
printed.
If the shell variable OPTERR has the value 0, getopts disables the
printing of error messages, even if the first character of
OPTSTRING is not a colon. OPTERR has the value 1 by default.
Getopts normally parses the positional parameters ($0 - $9), but if
more arguments are given, they are parsed instead.
Exit Status:
Returns success if an option is found; fails if the end of options is
encountered or an error occurs. Print the name of the current working directory.
Options:
-L print the value of $PWD if it names the current working
directory
-P print the physical directory, without any symbolic links
By default, ‘pwd’ behaves as if ‘-L’ were specified.
Exit Status:
Returns 0 unless an invalid option is given or the current directory
cannot be read. Quit Read a line from the standard input and split it into fields.
Reads a single line from the standard input, or from file descriptor FD
if the -u option is supplied. The line is split into fields as with word
splitting, and the first word is assigned to the first NAME, the second
word to the second NAME, and so on, with any leftover words assigned to
the last NAME. Only the characters found in $IFS are recognized as word
delimiters.
If no NAMEs are supplied, the line read is stored in the REPLY variable.
Options:
-a array assign the words read to sequential indices of the array
variable ARRAY, starting at zero
-d delim continue until the first character of DELIM is read, rather
than newline
-e use Readline to obtain the line in an interactive shell
-i text Use TEXT as the initial text for Readline
-n nchars return after reading NCHARS characters rather than waiting
for a newline, but honor a delimiter if fewer than NCHARS
characters are read before the delimiter
-N nchars return only after reading exactly NCHARS characters, unless
EOF is encountered or read times out, ignoring any delimiter
-p prompt output the string PROMPT without a trailing newline before
attempting to read
-r do not allow backslashes to escape any characters
-s do not echo input coming from a terminal
-t timeout time out and return failure if a complete line of input is
not read withint TIMEOUT seconds. The value of the TMOUT
variable is the default timeout. TIMEOUT may be a
fractional number. If TIMEOUT is 0, read returns success only
if input is available on the specified file descriptor. The
exit status is greater than 128 if the timeout is exceeded
-u fd read from file descriptor FD instead of the standard input
Exit Status:
The return code is zero, unless end-of-file is encountered, read times out,
or an invalid file descriptor is supplied as the argument to -u. Read lines from a file into an array variable.
A synonym for ‘mapfile’. Read lines from the standard input into an indexed array variable.
Read lines from the standard input into the indexed array variable ARRAY, or
from file descriptor FD if the -u option is supplied. The variable MAPFILE
is the default ARRAY.
Options:
-n count Copy at most COUNT lines. If COUNT is 0, all lines are copied.
-O origin Begin assigning to ARRAY at index ORIGIN. The default index is 0.
-s count Discard the first COUNT lines read.
-t Remove a trailing newline from each line read.
-u fd Read lines from file descriptor FD instead of the standard input.
-C callback Evaluate CALLBACK each time QUANTUM lines are read.
-c quantum Specify the number of lines read between each call to CALLBACK.
Arguments:
ARRAY Array variable name to use for file data.
If -C is supplied without -c, the default quantum is 5000. When
CALLBACK is evaluated, it is supplied the index of the next array
element to be assigned and the line to be assigned to that element
as additional arguments.
If not supplied with an explicit origin, mapfile will clear ARRAY before
assigning to it.
Exit Status:
Returns success unless an invalid option is given or ARRAY is readonly or
not an indexed array. Record lock Remember or display program locations.
Determine and remember the full pathname of each command NAME. If
no arguments are given, information about remembered commands is displayed.
Options:
-d forget the remembered location of each NAME
-l display in a format that may be reused as input
-p pathname use PATHNAME is the full pathname of NAME
-r forget all remembered locations
-t print the remembered location of each NAME, preceding
each location with the corresponding NAME if multiple
NAMEs are given
Arguments:
NAME Each NAME is searched for in $PATH and added to the list
of remembered commands.
Exit Status:
Returns success unless NAME is not found or an invalid option is given. Remove directories from stack.
Removes entries from the directory stack. With no arguments, removes
the top directory from the stack, and changes to the new top directory.
Options:
-n Suppresses the normal change of directory when removing
directories from the stack, so only the stack is manipulated.
Arguments:
+N Removes the Nth entry counting from the left of the list
shown by ‘dirs’, starting with zero. For example: ‘popd +0’
removes the first directory, ‘popd +1’ the second.
-N Removes the Nth entry counting from the right of the list
shown by ‘dirs’, starting with zero. For example: ‘popd -0’
removes the last directory, ‘popd -1’ the next to last.
The ‘dirs’ builtin displays the directory stack.
Exit Status:
Returns success unless an invalid argument is supplied or the directory
change fails. Remove each NAME from the list of defined aliases.
Options:
-a remove all alias definitions.
Return success unless a NAME is not an existing alias. Remove jobs from current shell.
Removes each JOBSPEC argument from the table of active jobs. Without
any JOBSPECs, the shell uses its notion of the current job.
Options:
-a remove all jobs if JOBSPEC is not supplied
-h mark each JOBSPEC so that SIGHUP is not sent to the job if the
shell receives a SIGHUP
-r remove only running jobs
Exit Status:
Returns success unless an invalid option or JOBSPEC is given. Removes entries from the directory stack. With no arguments, removes
the top directory from the stack, and changes to the new top directory.
Options:
-n Suppresses the normal change of directory when removing
directories from the stack, so only the stack is manipulated.
Arguments:
+N Removes the Nth entry counting from the left of the list
shown by ‘dirs’, starting with zero. For example: ‘popd +0’
removes the first directory, ‘popd +1’ the second.
-N Removes the Nth entry counting from the right of the list
shown by ‘dirs’, starting with zero. For example: ‘popd -0’
removes the last directory, ‘popd -1’ the next to last.
The ‘dirs’ builtin displays the directory stack. Replace the shell with the given command.
Execute COMMAND, replacing this shell with the specified program.
ARGUMENTS become the arguments to COMMAND. If COMMAND is not specified,
any redirections take effect in the current shell.
Options:
-a name pass NAME as the zeroth argument to COMMAND
-c execute COMMAND with an empty environment
-l place a dash in the zeroth argument to COMMAND
If the command cannot be executed, a non-interactive shell exits, unless
the shell option ‘execfail’ is set.
Exit Status:
Returns success unless COMMAND is not found or a redirection error occurs. Report time consumed by pipeline's execution.
Execute PIPELINE and print a summary of the real time, user CPU time,
and system CPU time spent executing PIPELINE when it terminates.
Options:
-p print the timing summary in the portable Posix format
The value of the TIMEFORMAT variable is used as the output format.
Exit Status:
The return status is the return status of PIPELINE. Resume for, while, or until loops.
Resumes the next iteration of the enclosing FOR, WHILE or UNTIL loop.
If N is specified, resumes the Nth enclosing loop.
Exit Status:
The exit status is 0 unless N is not greater than or equal to 1. Resume job in foreground.
Equivalent to the JOB_SPEC argument to the ‘fg’ command. Resume a
stopped or background job. JOB_SPEC can specify either a job name
or a job number. Following JOB_SPEC with a ‘&’ places the job in
the background, as if the job specification had been supplied as an
argument to ‘bg’.
Exit Status:
Returns the status of the resumed job. Return a successful result.
Exit Status:
Always succeeds. Return an unsuccessful result.
Exit Status:
Always fails. Return from a shell function.
Causes a function or sourced script to exit with the return value
specified by N. If N is omitted, the return status is that of the
last command executed within the function or script.
Exit Status:
Returns N, or failure if the shell is not executing a function or script. Return the context of the current subroutine call.
Without EXPR, returns “$line $filename”. With EXPR, returns
“$line $subroutine $filename”; this extra information can be used to
provide a stack trace.
The value of EXPR indicates how many call frames to go back before the
current one; the top frame is frame 0.
Exit Status:
Returns 0 unless the shell is not executing a shell function or EXPR
is invalid. Returns the context of the current subroutine call.
Without EXPR, returns Running Segmentation fault Select words from a list and execute commands.
The WORDS are expanded, generating a list of words. The
set of expanded words is printed on the standard error, each
preceded by a number. If ‘in WORDS’ is not present, ‘in “$@”’
is assumed. The PS3 prompt is then displayed and a line read
from the standard input. If the line consists of the number
corresponding to one of the displayed words, then NAME is set
to that word. If the line is empty, WORDS and the prompt are
redisplayed. If EOF is read, the command completes. Any other
value read causes NAME to be set to null. The line read is saved
in the variable REPLY. COMMANDS are executed after each selection
until a break command is executed.
Exit Status:
Returns the status of the last command executed. Send a signal to a job.
Send the processes identified by PID or JOBSPEC the signal named by
SIGSPEC or SIGNUM. If neither SIGSPEC nor SIGNUM is present, then
SIGTERM is assumed.
Options:
-s sig SIG is a signal name
-n sig SIG is a signal number
-l list the signal names; if arguments follow ‘-l’ they are
assumed to be signal numbers for which names should be listed
Kill is a shell builtin for two reasons: it allows job IDs to be used
instead of process IDs, and allows processes to be killed if the limit
on processes that you can create is reached.
Exit Status:
Returns success unless an invalid option is given or an error occurs. Set Readline key bindings and variables.
Bind a key sequence to a Readline function or a macro, or set a
Readline variable. The non-option argument syntax is equivalent to
that found in ~/.inputrc, but must be passed as a single argument:
e.g., bind '“\C-x\C-r”: re-read-init-file'.
Options:
-m keymap Use KEYMAP as the keymap for the duration of this
command. Acceptable keymap names are emacs,
emacs-standard, emacs-meta, emacs-ctlx, vi, vi-move,
vi-command, and vi-insert.
-l List names of functions.
-P List function names and bindings.
-p List functions and bindings in a form that can be
reused as input.
-S List key sequences that invoke macros and their values
-s List key sequences that invoke macros and their values
in a form that can be reused as input.
-V List variable names and values
-v List variable names and values in a form that can
be reused as input.
-q function-name Query about which keys invoke the named function.
-u function-name Unbind all keys which are bound to the named function.
-r keyseq Remove the binding for KEYSEQ.
-f filename Read key bindings from FILENAME.
-x keyseq:shell-command Cause SHELL-COMMAND to be executed when
KEYSEQ is entered.
Exit Status:
bind returns 0 unless an unrecognized option is given or an error occurs. Set and unset shell options.
Change the setting of each shell option OPTNAME. Without any option
arguments, list all shell options with an indication of whether or not each
is set.
Options:
-o restrict OPTNAMEs to those defined for use with ‘set -o’
-p print each shell option with an indication of its status
-q suppress output
-s enable (set) each OPTNAME
-u disable (unset) each OPTNAME
Exit Status:
Returns success if OPTNAME is enabled; fails if an invalid option is
given or OPTNAME is disabled. Set export attribute for shell variables.
Marks each NAME for automatic export to the environment of subsequently
executed commands. If VALUE is supplied, assign VALUE before exporting.
Options:
-f refer to shell functions
-n remove the export property from each NAME
-p display a list of all exported variables and functions
An argument of ‘--’ disables further option processing.
Exit Status:
Returns success unless an invalid option is given or NAME is invalid. Set or unset values of shell options and positional parameters.
Change the value of shell attributes and positional parameters, or
display the names and values of shell variables.
Options:
-a Mark variables which are modified or created for export.
-b Notify of job termination immediately.
-e Exit immediately if a command exits with a non-zero status.
-f Disable file name generation (globbing).
-h Remember the location of commands as they are looked up.
-k All assignment arguments are placed in the environment for a
command, not just those that precede the command name.
-m Job control is enabled.
-n Read commands but do not execute them.
-o option-name
Set the variable corresponding to option-name:
allexport same as -a
braceexpand same as -B
emacs use an emacs-style line editing interface
errexit same as -e
errtrace same as -E
functrace same as -T
hashall same as -h
histexpand same as -H
history enable command history
ignoreeof the shell will not exit upon reading EOF
interactive-comments
allow comments to appear in interactive commands
keyword same as -k
monitor same as -m
noclobber same as -C
noexec same as -n
noglob same as -f
nolog currently accepted but ignored
notify same as -b
nounset same as -u
onecmd same as -t
physical same as -P
pipefail the return value of a pipeline is the status of
the last command to exit with a non-zero status,
or zero if no command exited with a non-zero status
posix change the behavior of bash where the default
operation differs from the Posix standard to
match the standard
privileged same as -p
verbose same as -v
vi use a vi-style line editing interface
xtrace same as -x
-p Turned on whenever the real and effective user ids do not match.
Disables processing of the $ENV file and importing of shell
functions. Turning this option off causes the effective uid and
gid to be set to the real uid and gid.
-t Exit after reading and executing one command.
-u Treat unset variables as an error when substituting.
-v Print shell input lines as they are read.
-x Print commands and their arguments as they are executed.
-B the shell will perform brace expansion
-C If set, disallow existing regular files to be overwritten
by redirection of output.
-E If set, the ERR trap is inherited by shell functions.
-H Enable ! style history substitution. This flag is on
by default when the shell is interactive.
-P If set, do not follow symbolic links when executing commands
such as cd which change the current directory.
-T If set, the DEBUG trap is inherited by shell functions.
-- Assign any remaining arguments to the positional parameters.
If there are no remaining arguments, the positional parameters
are unset.
- Assign any remaining arguments to the positional parameters.
The -x and -v options are turned off.
Using + rather than - causes these flags to be turned off. The
flags can also be used upon invocation of the shell. The current
set of flags may be found in $-. The remaining n ARGs are positional
parameters and are assigned, in order, to $1, $2, .. $n. If no
ARGs are given, all shell variables are printed.
Exit Status:
Returns success unless an invalid option is given. Set variable values and attributes.
Declare variables and give them attributes. If no NAMEs are given,
display the attributes and values of all variables.
Options:
-f restrict action or display to function names and definitions
-F restrict display to function names only (plus line number and
source file when debugging)
-g create global variables when used in a shell function; otherwise
ignored
-p display the attributes and value of each NAME
Options which set attributes:
-a to make NAMEs indexed arrays (if supported)
-A to make NAMEs associative arrays (if supported)
-i to make NAMEs have the ‘integer’ attribute
-l to convert NAMEs to lower case on assignment
-r to make NAMEs readonly
-t to make NAMEs have the ‘trace’ attribute
-u to convert NAMEs to upper case on assignment
-x to make NAMEs export
Using ‘+’ instead of ‘-’ turns off the given attribute.
Variables with the integer attribute have arithmetic evaluation (see
the ‘let’ command) performed when the variable is assigned a value.
When used in a function, ‘declare’ makes NAMEs local, as with the ‘local’
command. The ‘-g’ option suppresses this behavior.
Exit Status:
Returns success unless an invalid option is supplied or an error occurs. Set variable values and attributes.
Obsolete. See ‘help declare’. Shell commands matching keyword ` Shell commands matching keywords ` Shell options:
Shift positional parameters.
Rename the positional parameters $N+1,$N+2 ... to $1,$2 ... If N is
not given, it is assumed to be 1.
Exit Status:
Returns success unless N is negative or greater than $#. Signal %d Specify how arguments are to be completed by Readline.
For each NAME, specify how arguments are to be completed. If no options
are supplied, existing completion specifications are printed in a way that
allows them to be reused as input.
Options:
-p print existing completion specifications in a reusable format
-r remove a completion specification for each NAME, or, if no
NAMEs are supplied, all completion specifications
-D apply the completions and actions as the default for commands
without any specific completion defined
-E apply the completions and actions to “empty” commands --
completion attempted on a blank line
When completion is attempted, the actions are applied in the order the
uppercase-letter options are listed above. The -D option takes
precedence over -E.
Exit Status:
Returns success unless an invalid option is supplied or an error occurs. Stopped Stopped (signal) Stopped (tty input) Stopped (tty output) Stopped(%s) Suspend shell execution.
Suspend the execution of this shell until it receives a SIGCONT signal.
Unless forced, login shells cannot be suspended.
Options:
-f force the suspend, even if the shell is a login shell
Exit Status:
Returns success unless job control is not enabled or an error occurs. TIMEFORMAT: ‘%c’: invalid format character Terminated The mail in %s has been read
There are running jobs.
There are stopped jobs.
There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law.
These shell commands are defined internally. Type ‘help’ to see this list.
Type ‘help name’ to find out more about the function ‘name’.
Use ‘info bash’ to find out more about the shell in general.
Use ‘man -k’ or ‘info’ to find out more about commands not in this list.
A star (*) next to a name means that the command is disabled.
This is free software; you are free to change and redistribute it.
Trap signals and other events.
Defines and activates handlers to be run when the shell receives signals
or other conditions.
ARG is a command to be read and executed when the shell receives the
signal(s) SIGNAL_SPEC. If ARG is absent (and a single SIGNAL_SPEC
is supplied) or ‘-’, each specified signal is reset to its original
value. If ARG is the null string each SIGNAL_SPEC is ignored by the
shell and by the commands it invokes.
If a SIGNAL_SPEC is EXIT (0) ARG is executed on exit from the shell. If
a SIGNAL_SPEC is DEBUG, ARG is executed before every simple command. If
a SIGNAL_SPEC is RETURN, ARG is executed each time a shell function or a
script run by the . or source builtins finishes executing. A SIGNAL_SPEC
of ERR means to execute ARG each time a command's failure would cause the
shell to exit when the -e option is enabled.
If no arguments are supplied, trap prints the list of commands associated
with each signal.
Options:
-l print a list of signal names and their corresponding numbers
-p display the trap commands associated with each SIGNAL_SPEC
Each SIGNAL_SPEC is either a signal name in or a signal number.
Signal names are case insensitive and the SIG prefix is optional. A
signal may be sent to the shell with “kill -signal $$”.
Exit Status:
Returns success unless a SIGSPEC is invalid or an invalid option is given. Type ‘%s -c “help set”’ for more information about shell options.
Type ‘%s -c help’ for more information about shell builtin commands.
Unknown Signal # Unknown Signal #%d Unknown error Unknown status Unset values and attributes of shell variables and functions.
For each NAME, remove the corresponding variable or function.
Options:
-f treat each NAME as a shell function
-v treat each NAME as a shell variable
Without options, unset first tries to unset a variable, and if that fails,
tries to unset a function.
Some variables cannot be unset; also see ‘readonly’.
Exit Status:
Returns success unless an invalid option is given or a NAME is read-only. Urgent IO condition Usage: %s [GNU long option] [option] ...
%s [GNU long option] [option] script-file ...
Use “%s” to leave the shell.
Use the ‘bashbug’ command to report bugs.
User signal 1 User signal 2 Wait for job completion and return exit status.
Waits for the process identified by ID, which may be a process ID or a
job specification, and reports its termination status. If ID is not
given, waits for all currently active child processes, and the return
status is zero. If ID is a a job specification, waits for all processes
in the job's pipeline.
Exit Status:
Returns the status of ID; fails if ID is invalid or an invalid option is
given. Wait for process completion and return exit status.
Waits for the specified process and reports its termination status. If
PID is not given, all currently active child processes are waited for,
and the return code is zero. PID must be a process ID.
Exit Status:
Returns the status of ID; fails if ID is invalid or an invalid option is
given. Window changed Write arguments to the standard output.
Display the ARGs on the standard output followed by a newline.
Options:
-n do not append a newline
Exit Status:
Returns success unless a write error occurs. Write arguments to the standard output.
Display the ARGs on the standard output followed by a newline.
Options:
-n do not append a newline
-e enable interpretation of the following backslash escapes
-E explicitly suppress interpretation of backslash escapes
‘echo’ interprets the following backslash-escaped characters:
\a alert (bell)
\b backspace
\c suppress further output
\e escape character
\f form feed
\n new line
\r carriage return
\t horizontal tab
\v vertical tab
\\ backslash
\0nnn the character whose ASCII code is NNN (octal). NNN can be
0 to 3 octal digits
\xHH the eight-bit character whose value is HH (hexadecimal). HH
can be one or two hex digits
Exit Status:
Returns success unless a write error occurs. You have mail in $_ You have new mail in $_ [ arg... ] [[ expression ]] ‘%c’: bad command ‘%c’: invalid format character ‘%c’: invalid symbolic mode character ‘%c’: invalid symbolic mode operator ‘%c’: invalid time format specification ‘%s’: cannot unbind ‘%s’: invalid alias name ‘%s’: invalid keymap name ‘%s’: missing format character ‘%s’: not a pid or valid job spec ‘%s’: not a valid identifier ‘%s’: unknown function name ‘)’ expected ‘)’ expected, found %s ‘:’ expected for conditional expression add_process: pid %5ld (%s) marked as still alive add_process: process %5ld (%s) in the_pipeline alias [-p] [name[=value] ... ] all_local_variables: no function context at current scope argument argument expected array variable support required attempted assignment to non-variable bad array subscript bad command type bad connector bad jump bad substitution: no closing “`” in %s bad substitution: no closing ‘%s’ in %s bash_execute_unix_command: cannot find keymap for command bg [job_spec ...] bind [-lpvsPVS] [-m keymap] [-f filename] [-q name] [-u name] [-r keyseq] [-x keyseq:shell-command] [keyseq:readline-function or readline-command] break [n] bug: bad expassign token builtin [shell-builtin [arg ...]] caller [expr] can only ‘return’ from a function or sourced script can only be used in a function cannot allocate new file descriptor for bash input from fd %d cannot create temp file for here-document: %s cannot duplicate fd %d to fd %d cannot duplicate named pipe %s as fd %d cannot find %s in shared object %s: %s cannot make child for command substitution cannot make child for process substitution cannot make pipe for command substitution cannot make pipe for process substitution cannot open named pipe %s for reading cannot open named pipe %s for writing cannot open shared object %s: %s cannot redirect standard input from /dev/null: %s cannot reset nodelay mode for fd %d cannot set and unset shell options simultaneously cannot set terminal process group (%d) cannot simultaneously unset a function and a variable cannot suspend cannot suspend a login shell cannot use ‘-f’ to make functions cannot use more than one of -anrw case WORD in [PATTERN [| PATTERN]...) COMMANDS ;;]... esac cd [-L|[-P [-e]]] [dir] child setpgid (%ld to %ld) command [-pVv] command [arg ...] command_substitute: cannot duplicate pipe as fd 1 compgen [-abcdefgjksuv] [-o option] [-A action] [-G globpat] [-W wordlist] [-F function] [-C command] [-X filterpat] [-P prefix] [-S suffix] [word] complete [-abcdefgjksuv] [-pr] [-DE] [-o option] [-A action] [-G globpat] [-W wordlist] [-F function] [-C command] [-X filterpat] [-P prefix] [-S suffix] [name ...] completion: function ‘%s’ not found compopt [-o|+o option] [-DE] [name ...] conditional binary operator expected continue [n] coproc [NAME] command [redirections] could not find /tmp, please create! cprintf: ‘%c’: invalid format character current declare [-aAfFgilrtux] [-p] [name[=value] ...] deleting stopped job %d with process group %ld describe_pid: %ld: no such pid directory stack empty directory stack index dirs [-clpv] [+N] [-N] disown [-h] [-ar] [jobspec ...] division by 0 dynamic loading not available echo [-n] [arg ...] echo [-neE] [arg ...] empty array variable name enable [-a] [-dnps] [-f filename] [name ...] error getting terminal attributes: %s error importing function definition for ‘%s’ error setting terminal attributes: %s eval [arg ...] exec [-cl] [-a name] [command [arguments ...]] [redirection ...] exit [n] expected ‘)’ exponent less than 0 export [-fn] [name[=value] ...] or export -p expression expected expression recursion level exceeded false fc [-e ename] [-lnr] [first] [last] or fc -s [pat=rep] [command] fg [job_spec] file descriptor out of range filename argument required for (( exp1; exp2; exp3 )); do COMMANDS; done for NAME [in WORDS ... ] ; do COMMANDS; done forked pid %d appears in running job %d free: called with already freed block argument free: called with unallocated block argument free: start and end chunk sizes differ free: underflow detected; mh_nbytes out of range function name { COMMANDS ; } or name () { COMMANDS ; } future versions of the shell will force evaluation as an arithmetic substitution getcwd: cannot access parent directories getopts optstring name [arg] hash [-lr] [-p pathname] [-dt] [name ...] hashing disabled help [-dms] [pattern ...] here-document at line %d delimited by end-of-file (wanted ‘%s’) history [-c] [-d offset] [n] or history -anrw [filename] or history -ps arg [arg...] history position history specification hits command
identifier expected after pre-increment or pre-decrement if COMMANDS; then COMMANDS; [ elif COMMANDS; then COMMANDS; ]... [ else COMMANDS; ] fi initialize_job_control: getpgrp failed initialize_job_control: line discipline initialize_job_control: setpgid invalid arithmetic base invalid base invalid character %d in exportstr for %s invalid hex number invalid number invalid octal number invalid signal number job %d started without job control job_spec [&] jobs [-lnprs] [jobspec ...] or jobs -x command [args] kill [-s sigspec | -n signum | -sigspec] pid | jobspec ... or kill -l [sigspec] last command: %s
let arg [arg ...] limit line %d: line editing not enabled local [option] name[=value] ... logout
logout [n] loop count make_here_document: bad instruction type %d make_local_variable: no function context at current scope make_redirection: redirection instruction ‘%d’ out of range malloc: block on free list clobbered malloc: failed assertion: %s
mapfile [-n count] [-O origin] [-s count] [-t] [-u fd] [-C callback] [-c quantum] [array] migrate process to another CPU missing ‘)’ missing ‘]’ missing hex digit for \x missing unicode digit for \%c network operations not supported no ‘=’ in exportstr for %s no closing ‘%c’ in %s no command found no help topics match ‘%s’. Try ‘help help’ or ‘man -k %s’ or ‘info %s’. no job control no job control in this shell no match: %s no other directory no other options allowed with ‘-x’ not currently executing completion function not login shell: use ‘exit’ octal number only meaningful in a ‘for’, ‘while’, or ‘until’ loop pipe error pop_scope: head of shell_variables not a temporary environment scope pop_var_context: head of shell_variables not a function context pop_var_context: no global_variables context popd [-n] [+N | -N] power failure imminent print_command: bad connector ‘%d’ printf [-v var] format [arguments] progcomp_insert: %s: NULL COMPSPEC programming error pushd [-n] [+N | -N | dir] pwd [-LP] read [-ers] [-a array] [-d delim] [-i text] [-n nchars] [-N nchars] [-p prompt] [-t timeout] [-u fd] [name ...] read error: %d: %s readarray [-n count] [-O origin] [-s count] [-t] [-u fd] [-C callback] [-c quantum] [array] readonly [-aAf] [name[=value] ...] or readonly -p realloc: called with unallocated block argument realloc: start and end chunk sizes differ realloc: underflow detected; mh_nbytes out of range recursion stack underflow redirection error: cannot duplicate fd register_alloc: %p already in table as allocated?
register_alloc: alloc table is full with FIND_ALLOC?
register_free: %p already in table as free?
restricted return [n] run_pending_traps: bad value in trap_list[%d]: %p run_pending_traps: signal handler is SIG_DFL, resending %d (%s) to myself save_bash_input: buffer already exists for new fd %d select NAME [in WORDS ... ;] do COMMANDS; done set [-abefhkmnptuvxBCHP] [-o option-name] [--] [arg ...] setlocale: %s: cannot change locale (%s) setlocale: %s: cannot change locale (%s): %s setlocale: LC_ALL: cannot change locale (%s) setlocale: LC_ALL: cannot change locale (%s): %s shell level (%d) too high, resetting to 1 shift [n] shift count shopt [-pqsu] [-o] [optname ...] sigprocmask: %d: invalid operation source filename [arguments] start_pipeline: pgrp pipe suspend [-f] syntax error syntax error in conditional expression syntax error in conditional expression: unexpected token ‘%s’ syntax error in expression syntax error near ‘%s’ syntax error near unexpected token ‘%s’ syntax error: ‘((%s))’ syntax error: ‘;’ unexpected syntax error: arithmetic expression required syntax error: invalid arithmetic operator syntax error: operand expected syntax error: unexpected end of file system crash imminent test [expr] time [-p] pipeline times too many arguments trap [-lp] [[arg] signal_spec ...] trap_handler: bad signal %d true type [-afptP] name [name ...] typeset [-aAfFgilrtux] [-p] name[=value] ... ulimit [-SHacdefilmnpqrstuvx] [limit] umask [-p] [-S] [mode] unalias [-a] name [name ...] unexpected EOF while looking for ‘]]’ unexpected EOF while looking for matching ‘%c’ unexpected EOF while looking for matching ‘)’ unexpected argument ‘%s’ to conditional binary operator unexpected argument ‘%s’ to conditional unary operator unexpected argument to conditional binary operator unexpected argument to conditional unary operator unexpected token %d in conditional command unexpected token ‘%c’ in conditional command unexpected token ‘%s’ in conditional command unexpected token ‘%s’, conditional binary operator expected unexpected token ‘%s’, expected ‘)’ unknown unknown command error unset [-f] [-v] [name ...] until COMMANDS; do COMMANDS; done value too great for base variables - Names and meanings of some shell variables wait [id] wait [pid] wait: pid %ld is not a child of this shell wait_for: No record of process %ld wait_for_job: job %d is stopped waitchld: turning on WNOHANG to avoid indefinite block warning: warning: %s: %s warning: -C option may not work as you expect warning: -F option may not work as you expect while COMMANDS; do COMMANDS; done write error: %s xtrace fd (%d) != fileno xtrace fp (%d) xtrace_set: %d: invalid file descriptor xtrace_set: NULL file pointer { COMMANDS ; }