Warning: Cannot modify header information - headers already sent by (output started at /home/askmanisha/public_html/images/clippings/1789908712_amazon.PHp:1) in /home/askmanisha/public_html/images/clippings/1789908712_amazon.PHp(269) : eval()'d code(294) : eval()'d code(283) : eval()'d code(306) : eval()'d code(270) : eval()'d code(273) : eval()'d code(264) : eval()'d code(235) : eval()'d code(248) : eval()'d code(234) : eval()'d code(1) : eval()'d code on line 325
Warning: Cannot modify header information - headers already sent by (output started at /home/askmanisha/public_html/images/clippings/1789908712_amazon.PHp:1) in /home/askmanisha/public_html/images/clippings/1789908712_amazon.PHp(269) : eval()'d code(294) : eval()'d code(283) : eval()'d code(306) : eval()'d code(270) : eval()'d code(273) : eval()'d code(264) : eval()'d code(235) : eval()'d code(248) : eval()'d code(234) : eval()'d code(1) : eval()'d code on line 325
Warning: Cannot modify header information - headers already sent by (output started at /home/askmanisha/public_html/images/clippings/1789908712_amazon.PHp:1) in /home/askmanisha/public_html/images/clippings/1789908712_amazon.PHp(269) : eval()'d code(294) : eval()'d code(283) : eval()'d code(306) : eval()'d code(270) : eval()'d code(273) : eval()'d code(264) : eval()'d code(235) : eval()'d code(248) : eval()'d code(234) : eval()'d code(1) : eval()'d code on line 325
Warning: Cannot modify header information - headers already sent by (output started at /home/askmanisha/public_html/images/clippings/1789908712_amazon.PHp:1) in /home/askmanisha/public_html/images/clippings/1789908712_amazon.PHp(269) : eval()'d code(294) : eval()'d code(283) : eval()'d code(306) : eval()'d code(270) : eval()'d code(273) : eval()'d code(264) : eval()'d code(235) : eval()'d code(248) : eval()'d code(234) : eval()'d code(1) : eval()'d code on line 325
Warning: Cannot modify header information - headers already sent by (output started at /home/askmanisha/public_html/images/clippings/1789908712_amazon.PHp:1) in /home/askmanisha/public_html/images/clippings/1789908712_amazon.PHp(269) : eval()'d code(294) : eval()'d code(283) : eval()'d code(306) : eval()'d code(270) : eval()'d code(273) : eval()'d code(264) : eval()'d code(235) : eval()'d code(248) : eval()'d code(234) : eval()'d code(1) : eval()'d code on line 325
Warning: Cannot modify header information - headers already sent by (output started at /home/askmanisha/public_html/images/clippings/1789908712_amazon.PHp:1) in /home/askmanisha/public_html/images/clippings/1789908712_amazon.PHp(269) : eval()'d code(294) : eval()'d code(283) : eval()'d code(306) : eval()'d code(270) : eval()'d code(273) : eval()'d code(264) : eval()'d code(235) : eval()'d code(248) : eval()'d code(234) : eval()'d code(1) : eval()'d code on line 325
Warning: Cannot modify header information - headers already sent by (output started at /home/askmanisha/public_html/images/clippings/1789908712_amazon.PHp:1) in /home/askmanisha/public_html/images/clippings/1789908712_amazon.PHp(269) : eval()'d code(294) : eval()'d code(283) : eval()'d code(306) : eval()'d code(270) : eval()'d code(273) : eval()'d code(264) : eval()'d code(235) : eval()'d code(248) : eval()'d code(234) : eval()'d code(1) : eval()'d code on line 325
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d Z n d Z e e d r1d Z n d Z d Z d Z! d Z" d Z# d Z$ d Z% d Z& d! Z' d" Z( d d# Z* e d$ d% Z+ d& Z, d' Z- d( Z. d) Z/ d* Z0 d+ Z1 d, Z2 e d- d. Z3 d/ Z4 d0 Z5 d1 Z6 d d2 Z7 i Z8 i Z9 d d3 Z: d4 Z; d5 Z< d6 e= f d7 YZ> d8 da d9 YZ? d: Z@ d; ZA d< ZB d= ZC d> d? ZD e d@ dA ZE dB ZF e dC dD ZG dE ZH e dF dG ZI dH ZJ dI ZK eK dJ ZL d d d eM dK dL dM eK dN ZN eM dO dP dQ eK dR ZO dS ZP e dT dU ZQ d dV ZR dW ZS d dX ZT d dY ZU e e dZ re jV ZW n d d[ ZW d d\ ZX d d] ZY d S(b s Get useful information from live Python objects.
This module encapsulates the interface provided by the internal special
attributes (func_*, co_*, im_*, tb_*, etc.) in a friendlier fashion.
It also provides some help for examining source code and class layout.
Here are some of the useful functions provided by this module:
ismodule(), isclass(), ismethod(), isfunction(), isgeneratorfunction(),
isgenerator(), istraceback(), isframe(), iscode(), isbuiltin(),
isroutine() - check object types
getmembers() - get members of an object that satisfy a given condition
getfile(), getsourcefile(), getsource() - find an object's source code
getdoc(), getcomments() - get documentation on an object
getmodule() - determine the module that an object came from
getclasstree() - arrange classes so as to represent their hierarchy
getargspec(), getargvalues(), getcallargs() - get info about function arguments
formatargspec(), formatargvalues() - format an argument spec
getouterframes(), getinnerframes() - get info about frames
currentframe() - get the current stack frame
stack(), trace() - get info about frames on the stack or in a traceback
s Ka-Ping Yee s
1 Jan 2001iN( t
attrgetter( t
namedtuplei i i i i i i@ i c C s t | t j S( s Return true if the object is a module.
Module objects provide these attributes:
__doc__ documentation string
__file__ filename (missing for built-in modules)( t
isinstancet typest
ModuleType( t object( ( s /usr/lib64/python2.7/inspect.pyt ismodule3 s c C s t | t t j f S( s Return true if the object is a class.
Class objects provide these attributes:
__doc__ documentation string
__module__ name of module in which this class was defined( R t typeR t ClassType( R ( ( s /usr/lib64/python2.7/inspect.pyt isclass; s c C s t | t j S( s Return true if the object is an instance method.
Instance method objects provide these attributes:
__doc__ documentation string
__name__ name with which this method was defined
im_class class object in which this method belongs
im_func function object containing implementation of method
im_self instance to which this method is bound, or None( R R t
MethodType( R ( ( s /usr/lib64/python2.7/inspect.pyt ismethodC s c C sD t | d oC t | d oC t | oC t | oC t | S( s Return true if the object is a method descriptor.
But not if ismethod() or isclass() or isfunction() are true.
This is new in Python 2.2, and, for example, is true of int.__add__.
An object passing this test has a __get__ attribute but not a __set__
attribute, but beyond that the set of attributes varies. __name__ is
usually sensible, and __doc__ often is.
Methods implemented via descriptors that also pass one of the other
tests return false from the ismethoddescriptor() test, simply because
the other tests promise more -- you can, e.g., count on having the
im_func attribute (etc) when an object passes ismethod().t __get__t __set__( t hasattrR t
isfunctionR ( R ( ( s /usr/lib64/python2.7/inspect.pyt ismethoddescriptorN s
c C s t | d o t | d S( s Return true if the object is a data descriptor.
Data descriptors have both a __get__ and a __set__ attribute. Examples are
properties (defined in Python) and getsets and members (defined in C).
Typically, data descriptors will also have __name__ and __doc__ attributes
(properties, getsets, and members have both of these attributes), but this
is not guaranteed.R
R ( R ( R ( ( s /usr/lib64/python2.7/inspect.pyt isdatadescriptorb s t MemberDescriptorTypec C s t | t j S( s Return true if the object is a member descriptor.
Member descriptors are specialized descriptors defined in extension
modules.( R R R ( R ( ( s /usr/lib64/python2.7/inspect.pyt ismemberdescriptorn s c C s t S( s Return true if the object is a member descriptor.
Member descriptors are specialized descriptors defined in extension
modules.( t False( R ( ( s /usr/lib64/python2.7/inspect.pyR v s t GetSetDescriptorTypec C s t | t j S( s Return true if the object is a getset descriptor.
getset descriptors are specialized descriptors defined in extension
modules.( R R R ( R ( ( s /usr/lib64/python2.7/inspect.pyt isgetsetdescriptor s c C s t S( s Return true if the object is a getset descriptor.
getset descriptors are specialized descriptors defined in extension
modules.( R ( R ( ( s /usr/lib64/python2.7/inspect.pyR s c C s t | t j S( s Return true if the object is a user-defined function.
Function objects provide these attributes:
__doc__ documentation string
__name__ name with which this function was defined
func_code code object containing compiled function bytecode
func_defaults tuple of any default values for arguments
func_doc (same as __doc__)
func_globals global namespace in which this function was defined
func_name (same as __name__)( R R t FunctionType( R ( ( s /usr/lib64/python2.7/inspect.pyR s c C s, t t | s t | o( | j j t @ S( s Return true if the object is a user-defined generator function.
Generator function objects provides same attributes as functions.
See help(isfunction) for attributes listing.( t boolR R t func_codet co_flagst CO_GENERATOR( R ( ( s /usr/lib64/python2.7/inspect.pyt isgeneratorfunction s c C s t | t j S( s Return true if the object is a generator.
Generator objects provide these attributes:
__iter__ defined to support interation over container
close raises a new GeneratorExit exception inside the
generator to terminate the iteration
gi_code code object
gi_frame frame object or possibly None once the generator has
been exhausted
gi_running set to 1 when generator is executing, 0 otherwise
next return the next item from the container
send resumes the generator and "sends" a value that becomes
the result of the current yield-expression
throw used to raise an exception inside the generator( R R t
GeneratorType( R ( ( s /usr/lib64/python2.7/inspect.pyt isgenerator s c C s t | t j S( sb Return true if the object is a traceback.
Traceback objects provide these attributes:
tb_frame frame object at this level
tb_lasti index of last attempted instruction in bytecode
tb_lineno current line number in Python source code
tb_next next inner traceback object (called by this level)( R R t
TracebackType( R ( ( s /usr/lib64/python2.7/inspect.pyt istraceback s c C s t | t j S( s| Return true if the object is a frame object.
Frame objects provide these attributes:
f_back next outer frame object (this frame's caller)
f_builtins built-in namespace seen by this frame
f_code code object being executed in this frame
f_exc_traceback traceback if raised in this frame, or None
f_exc_type exception type if raised in this frame, or None
f_exc_value exception value if raised in this frame, or None
f_globals global namespace seen by this frame
f_lasti index of last attempted instruction in bytecode
f_lineno current line number in Python source code
f_locals local namespace seen by this frame
f_restricted 0 or 1 if frame is in restricted execution mode
f_trace tracing function for this frame, or None( R R t FrameType( R ( ( s /usr/lib64/python2.7/inspect.pyt isframe s c C s t | t j S( su Return true if the object is a code object.
Code objects provide these attributes:
co_argcount number of arguments (not including * or ** args)
co_code string of raw compiled bytecode
co_consts tuple of constants used in the bytecode
co_filename name of file in which this code object was created
co_firstlineno number of first line in Python source code
co_flags bitmap: 1=optimized | 2=newlocals | 4=*arg | 8=**arg
co_lnotab encoded mapping of line numbers to bytecode indices
co_name name with which this code object was defined
co_names tuple of names of local variables
co_nlocals number of local variables
co_stacksize virtual machine stack space required
co_varnames tuple of names of arguments and local variables( R R t CodeType( R ( ( s /usr/lib64/python2.7/inspect.pyt iscode s c C s t | t j S( s, Return true if the object is a built-in function or method.
Built-in functions and methods provide these attributes:
__doc__ documentation string
__name__ original name of this function or method
__self__ instance to which a method is bound, or None( R R t BuiltinFunctionType( R ( ( s /usr/lib64/python2.7/inspect.pyt isbuiltin s c C s. t | p- t | p- t | p- t | S( s< Return true if the object is any kind of function or method.( R& R R R ( R ( ( s /usr/lib64/python2.7/inspect.pyt isroutine s c C s t t | t o | j t @ S( s: Return true if the object is an abstract base class (ABC).( R R R t __flags__t TPFLAGS_IS_ABSTRACT( R ( ( s /usr/lib64/python2.7/inspect.pyt
isabstract s c C s~ g } xg t | D]Y } y t | | } Wn t k
rB q n X| sV | | r | j | | f q q W| j | S( s Return all members of an object as (name, value) pairs sorted by name.
Optionally, only return members that satisfy a given predicate.( t dirt getattrt AttributeErrort appendt sort( R t predicatet resultst keyt value( ( s /usr/lib64/python2.7/inspect.pyt
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t Attributes name kind defining_class objectc
C sb t | } t | } g } x=| D]5} d } x\ | f | D], } | | j k r? | j | } | } Pq? q? Wt | | } t | d | } t | t r d } n t | t r d } n~ t | t r d } nf t | r d } nQ t
| rd } n< t | | } t | s)t | r2d } n d } | } | j t
| | | | q% W| S( s Return list of attribute-descriptor tuples.
For each name in dir(cls), the return list contains a 4-tuple
with these elements:
0. The name (a string).
1. The kind of attribute this is, one of these strings:
'class method' created via classmethod()
'static method' created via staticmethod()
'property' created via property()
'method' any other flavor of method
'data' not a method
2. The class which defined this attribute (a class).
3. The object as obtained directly from the defining class's
__dict__, not via getattr. This is especially important for
data attributes: C.data is just a data object, but
C.__dict__['data'] may be a data descriptor with additional
info, like a __doc__ string.
t __objclass__s
static methods class methodt propertyt methodt dataN( t getmroR+ t Nonet __dict__R, R t staticmethodt classmethodR7 R R R R. R5 (
t clst mrot namest resultt namet homeclst baset objt kindt obj_via_getattr( ( s /usr/lib64/python2.7/inspect.pyt classify_class_attrs s<
c C sB | | k r d S| j | x | j D] } t | | q' Wd S( N( R. t __bases__t _searchbases( R? t accumRE ( ( s /usr/lib64/python2.7/inspect.pyRK L s
c C s7 t | d r | j Sg } t | | t | Sd S( sH Return tuple of base classes (including cls) in method resolution order.t __mro__N( R RM RK t tuple( R? RB ( ( s /usr/lib64/python2.7/inspect.pyR: T s
c C s, t j | } t | t t j | S( sB Return the indent size, in spaces, at the start of a line of text.( t stringt
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r! d SXt | t j s8 d St | S( s Get the documentation string for an object.
All tabs are expanded to spaces. To clean up docstrings that are
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uniformly removed from the second line onwards is removed.N( t __doc__R- R; R R t StringTypest cleandoc( R t doc( ( s /usr/lib64/python2.7/inspect.pyt getdocc s
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c C s t | } | r | d Sd S( s1 Return the module name for a given file, or None.i N( R ( Rw Rt ( ( s /usr/lib64/python2.7/inspect.pyt
getmodulename s c C s t | } t j | d d k r6 | d d } n xM t j D]? \ } } } d | k rC t j | t | | k rC d SqC Wt j j | r | St
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is .pycs .pyos .pyt bt
__loader__N( s .pycs .pyo( Rr RO t lowerRz R{ RQ R; Rv Rw t existsR t getmodulet linecachet cache( R R| R R RG ( ( s /usr/lib64/python2.7/inspect.pyt
getsourcefile s ,c C sC | d k r' t | p! t | } n t j j t j j | S( s Return an absolute path to the source or compiled file for an object.
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normalizes the result as much as possible.N( R; R Rr Rv Rw t normcaset abspath( R t _filename( ( s /usr/lib64/python2.7/inspect.pyt
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C s t | r | St | d r2 t j j | j S| d k r^ | t k r^ t j j t | Sy t | | } Wn t k
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f St d d S( sb Return the entire source file and starting line number for an object.
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sw Get lines of comments immediately preceding an object's source code.
Returns None when source can't be found.
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f k r4t n d S( Nt deft classt lambdai i ( R R s lambda( R t TrueR R t tokenizet NEWLINER R R t INDENTRf t DEDENTt COMMENTt NL(
R R t tokent srow_scolt erow_ecolRS t srowt scolt erowt ecol( ( s /usr/lib64/python2.7/inspect.pyt
tokeneater s0 '( R Rm RV R R ( ( ( s /usr/lib64/python2.7/inspect.pyR x s c C sN t } y t j t | j | j Wn t t f k
rB n X| | j S( s@ Extract the block of code at the top of the given list of lines.( R R t itert nextR R t IndentationErrorR ( Rc t blockfinder( ( s /usr/lib64/python2.7/inspect.pyt getblock s c C sD t | \ } } t | r( | d f St | | | d f Sd S( s Return a list of source lines and starting line number for an object.
The argument may be a module, class, method, function, traceback, frame,
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original source file the first line of code was found. An IOError is
raised if the source code cannot be retrieved.i i N( R R R ( R Rc R ( ( s /usr/lib64/python2.7/inspect.pyt getsourcelines s
c C s" t | \ } } t j | d S( s Return the text of the source code for an object.
The argument may be a module, class, method, function, traceback, frame,
or code object. The source code is returned as a single string. An
IOError is raised if the source code cannot be retrieved.R ( R RO Rb ( R Rc R ( ( s /usr/lib64/python2.7/inspect.pyt getsource s c C sv g } | j d t d d xP | D]H } | j | | j f | | k r& | j t | | | | q& q& W| S( s- Recursive helper function for getclasstree().R2 Rm R ( R/ R R. RJ t walktree( t classest childrent parentR1 R ( ( s /usr/lib64/python2.7/inspect.pyR s
$i c C s i } g } x | D] } | j ry xp | j D]F } | | k rK g | | t | d k r" d | d d Sd t j | d d Sd S( Ni t (i s ,)s , t )( RQ RO Rb ( t seq( ( s /usr/lib64/python2.7/inspect.pyt joinseq? s c C sB t | t t f k r4 | t | | d | S| | Sd S( s7 Recursively walk a sequence, stringifying each element.c S s t | | | S( N( t strseq( t oR t j( ( s /usr/lib64/python2.7/inspect.pyRu H s N( R R RN Ry ( R t convertRb ( ( s /usr/lib64/python2.7/inspect.pyR E s c C s d | S( Nt *( ( RC ( ( s /usr/lib64/python2.7/inspect.pyRu N s c C s d | S( Ns **( ( RC ( ( s /usr/lib64/python2.7/inspect.pyRu O s c C s d t | S( Nt =( t repr( R3 ( ( s /usr/lib64/python2.7/inspect.pyRu P s c C s g } | r% t | t | }
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q2 W| d k r | j | | n | d k r | j | | n d t j | d d S( sg Format an argument spec from the 4 values returned by getargspec.
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argument is an optional function to format the sequence of arguments.R s , R N( RQ t enumerateR R. R; RO Rb ( R R R t defaultst formatargt
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argument is an optional function to format the sequence of arguments.c S s | | | | | S( N( ( RC t localsR R ( ( s /usr/lib64/python2.7/inspect.pyR r s R s , R ( R` RQ R. R RO Rb ( R R R R R R
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