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  &lt;div class=&quot;section&quot; id=&quot;internationalization&quot;&gt;
&lt;span id=&quot;i18n&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;h1&gt;22. Internationalization&lt;a class=&quot;headerlink&quot; href=&quot;#internationalization&quot; title=&quot;Permalink to this headline&quot;&gt;¶&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h1&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The modules described in this chapter help you write software that is
independent of language and locale by providing mechanisms for selecting a
language to be used in  program messages or by tailoring output to match local
conventions.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The list of modules described in this chapter is:&lt;/p&gt;
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&lt;li class=&quot;toctree-l1&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;reference internal&quot; href=&quot;gettext.html&quot;&gt;22.1. &lt;tt class=&quot;docutils literal&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;pre&quot;&gt;gettext&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt; &amp;#8212; Multilingual internationalization services&lt;/a&gt;&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;toctree-l2&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;reference internal&quot; href=&quot;gettext.html#gnu-gettext-api&quot;&gt;22.1.1. GNU &lt;strong class=&quot;program&quot;&gt;gettext&lt;/strong&gt; API&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;toctree-l2&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;reference internal&quot; href=&quot;gettext.html#class-based-api&quot;&gt;22.1.2. Class-based API&lt;/a&gt;&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;toctree-l3&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;reference internal&quot; href=&quot;gettext.html#the-nulltranslations-class&quot;&gt;22.1.2.1. The &lt;tt class=&quot;docutils literal&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;pre&quot;&gt;NullTranslations&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt; class&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;toctree-l3&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;reference internal&quot; href=&quot;gettext.html#the-gnutranslations-class&quot;&gt;22.1.2.2. The &lt;tt class=&quot;docutils literal&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;pre&quot;&gt;GNUTranslations&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt; class&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;toctree-l3&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;reference internal&quot; href=&quot;gettext.html#solaris-message-catalog-support&quot;&gt;22.1.2.3. Solaris message catalog support&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;toctree-l3&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;reference internal&quot; href=&quot;gettext.html#the-catalog-constructor&quot;&gt;22.1.2.4. The Catalog constructor&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
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&lt;li class=&quot;toctree-l2&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;reference internal&quot; href=&quot;gettext.html#internationalizing-your-programs-and-modules&quot;&gt;22.1.3. Internationalizing your programs and modules&lt;/a&gt;&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;toctree-l3&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;reference internal&quot; href=&quot;gettext.html#localizing-your-module&quot;&gt;22.1.3.1. Localizing your module&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;toctree-l3&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;reference internal&quot; href=&quot;gettext.html#localizing-your-application&quot;&gt;22.1.3.2. Localizing your application&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;toctree-l3&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;reference internal&quot; href=&quot;gettext.html#changing-languages-on-the-fly&quot;&gt;22.1.3.3. Changing languages on the fly&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;toctree-l3&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;reference internal&quot; href=&quot;gettext.html#deferred-translations&quot;&gt;22.1.3.4. Deferred translations&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;toctree-l3&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;reference internal&quot; href=&quot;gettext.html#gettext-vs-lgettext&quot;&gt;22.1.3.5. &lt;tt class=&quot;docutils literal&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;pre&quot;&gt;gettext()&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt; vs. &lt;tt class=&quot;docutils literal&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;pre&quot;&gt;lgettext()&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
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&lt;li class=&quot;toctree-l2&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;reference internal&quot; href=&quot;gettext.html#acknowledgements&quot;&gt;22.1.4. Acknowledgements&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
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&lt;li class=&quot;toctree-l1&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;reference internal&quot; href=&quot;locale.html&quot;&gt;22.2. &lt;tt class=&quot;docutils literal&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;pre&quot;&gt;locale&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt; &amp;#8212; Internationalization services&lt;/a&gt;&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;toctree-l2&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;reference internal&quot; href=&quot;locale.html#background-details-hints-tips-and-caveats&quot;&gt;22.2.1. Background, details, hints, tips and caveats&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;toctree-l2&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;reference internal&quot; href=&quot;locale.html#for-extension-writers-and-programs-that-embed-python&quot;&gt;22.2.2. For extension writers and programs that embed Python&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;toctree-l2&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;reference internal&quot; href=&quot;locale.html#access-to-message-catalogs&quot;&gt;22.2.3. Access to message catalogs&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
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