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  &lt;div class=&quot;section&quot; id=&quot;module-anydbm&quot;&gt;
&lt;span id=&quot;anydbm-generic-access-to-dbm-style-databases&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;h1&gt;11.6. &lt;a class=&quot;reference internal&quot; href=&quot;#module-anydbm&quot; title=&quot;anydbm: Generic interface to DBM-style database modules.&quot;&gt;&lt;tt class=&quot;xref py py-mod docutils literal&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;pre&quot;&gt;anydbm&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &amp;#8212; Generic access to DBM-style databases&lt;a class=&quot;headerlink&quot; href=&quot;#module-anydbm&quot; title=&quot;Permalink to this headline&quot;&gt;¶&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h1&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;admonition note&quot;&gt;
&lt;p class=&quot;first admonition-title&quot;&gt;Note&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class=&quot;last&quot;&gt;The &lt;a class=&quot;reference internal&quot; href=&quot;#module-anydbm&quot; title=&quot;anydbm: Generic interface to DBM-style database modules.&quot;&gt;&lt;tt class=&quot;xref py py-mod docutils literal&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;pre&quot;&gt;anydbm&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;/a&gt; module has been renamed to &lt;a class=&quot;reference internal&quot; href=&quot;dbm.html#module-dbm&quot; title=&quot;dbm: The standard &amp;quot;database&amp;quot; interface, based on ndbm. (Unix)&quot;&gt;&lt;tt class=&quot;xref py py-mod docutils literal&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;pre&quot;&gt;dbm&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;/a&gt; in Python 3.  The
&lt;a class=&quot;reference internal&quot; href=&quot;../glossary.html#term-to3&quot;&gt;&lt;em class=&quot;xref std std-term&quot;&gt;2to3&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/a&gt; tool will automatically adapt imports when converting your
sources to Python 3.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;p id=&quot;index-0&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;reference internal&quot; href=&quot;#module-anydbm&quot; title=&quot;anydbm: Generic interface to DBM-style database modules.&quot;&gt;&lt;tt class=&quot;xref py py-mod docutils literal&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;pre&quot;&gt;anydbm&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;/a&gt; is a generic interface to variants of the DBM database &amp;#8212;
&lt;a class=&quot;reference internal&quot; href=&quot;dbhash.html#module-dbhash&quot; title=&quot;dbhash: DBM-style interface to the BSD database library.&quot;&gt;&lt;tt class=&quot;xref py py-mod docutils literal&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;pre&quot;&gt;dbhash&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;/a&gt; (requires &lt;a class=&quot;reference internal&quot; href=&quot;bsddb.html#module-bsddb&quot; title=&quot;bsddb: Interface to Berkeley DB database library&quot;&gt;&lt;tt class=&quot;xref py py-mod docutils literal&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;pre&quot;&gt;bsddb&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;/a&gt;), &lt;a class=&quot;reference internal&quot; href=&quot;gdbm.html#module-gdbm&quot; title=&quot;gdbm: GNU's reinterpretation of dbm. (Unix)&quot;&gt;&lt;tt class=&quot;xref py py-mod docutils literal&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;pre&quot;&gt;gdbm&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, or &lt;a class=&quot;reference internal&quot; href=&quot;dbm.html#module-dbm&quot; title=&quot;dbm: The standard &amp;quot;database&amp;quot; interface, based on ndbm. (Unix)&quot;&gt;&lt;tt class=&quot;xref py py-mod docutils literal&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;pre&quot;&gt;dbm&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.  If none of
these modules is installed, the slow-but-simple implementation in module
&lt;a class=&quot;reference internal&quot; href=&quot;dumbdbm.html#module-dumbdbm&quot; title=&quot;dumbdbm: Portable implementation of the simple DBM interface.&quot;&gt;&lt;tt class=&quot;xref py py-mod docutils literal&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;pre&quot;&gt;dumbdbm&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;/a&gt; will be used.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;dl class=&quot;function&quot;&gt;
&lt;dt id=&quot;anydbm.open&quot;&gt;
&lt;tt class=&quot;descclassname&quot;&gt;anydbm.&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;tt class=&quot;descname&quot;&gt;open&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;big&gt;(&lt;/big&gt;&lt;em&gt;filename&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;optional&quot;&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;em&gt;flag&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;optional&quot;&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;em&gt;mode&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;optional&quot;&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;optional&quot;&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;big&gt;)&lt;/big&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;headerlink&quot; href=&quot;#anydbm.open&quot; title=&quot;Permalink to this definition&quot;&gt;¶&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/dt&gt;
&lt;dd&gt;&lt;p&gt;Open the database file &lt;em&gt;filename&lt;/em&gt; and return a corresponding object.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;If the database file already exists, the &lt;a class=&quot;reference internal&quot; href=&quot;whichdb.html#module-whichdb&quot; title=&quot;whichdb: Guess which DBM-style module created a given database.&quot;&gt;&lt;tt class=&quot;xref py py-mod docutils literal&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;pre&quot;&gt;whichdb&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;/a&gt; module is used to
determine its type and the appropriate module is used; if it does not exist,
the first module listed above that can be imported is used.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The optional &lt;em&gt;flag&lt;/em&gt; argument must be one of these values:&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;table border=&quot;1&quot; class=&quot;docutils&quot;&gt;
&lt;colgroup&gt;
&lt;col width=&quot;17%&quot; /&gt;
&lt;col width=&quot;83%&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/colgroup&gt;
&lt;thead valign=&quot;bottom&quot;&gt;
&lt;tr class=&quot;row-odd&quot;&gt;&lt;th class=&quot;head&quot;&gt;Value&lt;/th&gt;
&lt;th class=&quot;head&quot;&gt;Meaning&lt;/th&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/thead&gt;
&lt;tbody valign=&quot;top&quot;&gt;
&lt;tr class=&quot;row-even&quot;&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;tt class=&quot;docutils literal&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;pre&quot;&gt;'r'&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;Open existing database for reading only
(default)&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr class=&quot;row-odd&quot;&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;tt class=&quot;docutils literal&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;pre&quot;&gt;'w'&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;Open existing database for reading and
writing&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr class=&quot;row-even&quot;&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;tt class=&quot;docutils literal&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;pre&quot;&gt;'c'&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;Open database for reading and writing,
creating it if it doesn&amp;#8217;t exist&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr class=&quot;row-odd&quot;&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;tt class=&quot;docutils literal&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;pre&quot;&gt;'n'&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;Always create a new, empty database, open
for reading and writing&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;p&gt;If not specified, the default value is &lt;tt class=&quot;docutils literal&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;pre&quot;&gt;'r'&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The optional &lt;em&gt;mode&lt;/em&gt; argument is the Unix mode of the file, used only when the
database has to be created.  It defaults to octal &lt;tt class=&quot;docutils literal&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;pre&quot;&gt;0666&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt; (and will be
modified by the prevailing umask).&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/dd&gt;&lt;/dl&gt;

&lt;dl class=&quot;exception&quot;&gt;
&lt;dt id=&quot;anydbm.error&quot;&gt;
&lt;em class=&quot;property&quot;&gt;exception &lt;/em&gt;&lt;tt class=&quot;descclassname&quot;&gt;anydbm.&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;tt class=&quot;descname&quot;&gt;error&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;headerlink&quot; href=&quot;#anydbm.error&quot; title=&quot;Permalink to this definition&quot;&gt;¶&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/dt&gt;
&lt;dd&gt;&lt;p&gt;A tuple containing the exceptions that can be raised by each of the supported
modules, with a unique exception also named &lt;a class=&quot;reference internal&quot; href=&quot;#anydbm.error&quot; title=&quot;anydbm.error&quot;&gt;&lt;tt class=&quot;xref py py-exc docutils literal&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;pre&quot;&gt;anydbm.error&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;/a&gt; as the first
item &amp;#8212; the latter is used when &lt;a class=&quot;reference internal&quot; href=&quot;#anydbm.error&quot; title=&quot;anydbm.error&quot;&gt;&lt;tt class=&quot;xref py py-exc docutils literal&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;pre&quot;&gt;anydbm.error&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;/a&gt; is raised.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/dd&gt;&lt;/dl&gt;

&lt;p&gt;The object returned by &lt;a class=&quot;reference internal&quot; href=&quot;#anydbm.open&quot; title=&quot;anydbm.open&quot;&gt;&lt;tt class=&quot;xref py py-func docutils literal&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;pre&quot;&gt;open()&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;/a&gt; supports most of the same functionality as
dictionaries; keys and their corresponding values can be stored, retrieved, and
deleted, and the &lt;tt class=&quot;xref py py-meth docutils literal&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;pre&quot;&gt;has_key()&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt; and &lt;tt class=&quot;xref py py-meth docutils literal&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;pre&quot;&gt;keys()&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt; methods are available.  Keys
and values must always be strings.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The following example records some hostnames and a corresponding title,  and
then prints out the contents of the database:&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;highlight-python&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;highlight&quot;&gt;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;kn&quot;&gt;import&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;nn&quot;&gt;anydbm&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class=&quot;c&quot;&gt;# Open database, creating it if necessary.&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;n&quot;&gt;db&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;o&quot;&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;n&quot;&gt;anydbm&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;o&quot;&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;n&quot;&gt;open&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p&quot;&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;s&quot;&gt;&amp;#39;cache&amp;#39;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p&quot;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;s&quot;&gt;&amp;#39;c&amp;#39;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p&quot;&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class=&quot;c&quot;&gt;# Record some values&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;n&quot;&gt;db&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p&quot;&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;s&quot;&gt;&amp;#39;www.python.org&amp;#39;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p&quot;&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;o&quot;&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;s&quot;&gt;&amp;#39;Python Website&amp;#39;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;n&quot;&gt;db&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p&quot;&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;s&quot;&gt;&amp;#39;www.cnn.com&amp;#39;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p&quot;&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;o&quot;&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;s&quot;&gt;&amp;#39;Cable News Network&amp;#39;&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class=&quot;c&quot;&gt;# Loop through contents.  Other dictionary methods&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;c&quot;&gt;# such as .keys(), .values() also work.&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;k&quot;&gt;for&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;n&quot;&gt;k&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p&quot;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;n&quot;&gt;v&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;ow&quot;&gt;in&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;n&quot;&gt;db&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;o&quot;&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;n&quot;&gt;iteritems&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p&quot;&gt;():&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class=&quot;k&quot;&gt;print&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;n&quot;&gt;k&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p&quot;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;s&quot;&gt;&amp;#39;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;se&quot;&gt;\t&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;s&quot;&gt;&amp;#39;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p&quot;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;n&quot;&gt;v&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class=&quot;c&quot;&gt;# Storing a non-string key or value will raise an exception (most&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;c&quot;&gt;# likely a TypeError).&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;n&quot;&gt;db&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p&quot;&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;s&quot;&gt;&amp;#39;www.yahoo.com&amp;#39;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p&quot;&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;o&quot;&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot;&gt;4&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class=&quot;c&quot;&gt;# Close when done.&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;n&quot;&gt;db&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;o&quot;&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;n&quot;&gt;close&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p&quot;&gt;()&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;admonition-see-also admonition seealso&quot;&gt;
&lt;p class=&quot;first admonition-title&quot;&gt;See also&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;dl class=&quot;last docutils&quot;&gt;
&lt;dt&gt;Module &lt;a class=&quot;reference internal&quot; href=&quot;dbhash.html#module-dbhash&quot; title=&quot;dbhash: DBM-style interface to the BSD database library.&quot;&gt;&lt;tt class=&quot;xref py py-mod docutils literal&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;pre&quot;&gt;dbhash&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/dt&gt;
&lt;dd&gt;BSD &lt;tt class=&quot;docutils literal&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;pre&quot;&gt;db&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt; database interface.&lt;/dd&gt;
&lt;dt&gt;Module &lt;a class=&quot;reference internal&quot; href=&quot;dbm.html#module-dbm&quot; title=&quot;dbm: The standard &amp;quot;database&amp;quot; interface, based on ndbm. (Unix)&quot;&gt;&lt;tt class=&quot;xref py py-mod docutils literal&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;pre&quot;&gt;dbm&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/dt&gt;
&lt;dd&gt;Standard Unix database interface.&lt;/dd&gt;
&lt;dt&gt;Module &lt;a class=&quot;reference internal&quot; href=&quot;dumbdbm.html#module-dumbdbm&quot; title=&quot;dumbdbm: Portable implementation of the simple DBM interface.&quot;&gt;&lt;tt class=&quot;xref py py-mod docutils literal&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;pre&quot;&gt;dumbdbm&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/dt&gt;
&lt;dd&gt;Portable implementation of the &lt;tt class=&quot;docutils literal&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;pre&quot;&gt;dbm&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt; interface.&lt;/dd&gt;
&lt;dt&gt;Module &lt;a class=&quot;reference internal&quot; href=&quot;gdbm.html#module-gdbm&quot; title=&quot;gdbm: GNU's reinterpretation of dbm. (Unix)&quot;&gt;&lt;tt class=&quot;xref py py-mod docutils literal&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;pre&quot;&gt;gdbm&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/dt&gt;
&lt;dd&gt;GNU database interface, based on the &lt;tt class=&quot;docutils literal&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;pre&quot;&gt;dbm&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt; interface.&lt;/dd&gt;
&lt;dt&gt;Module &lt;a class=&quot;reference internal&quot; href=&quot;shelve.html#module-shelve&quot; title=&quot;shelve: Python object persistence.&quot;&gt;&lt;tt class=&quot;xref py py-mod docutils literal&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;pre&quot;&gt;shelve&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/dt&gt;
&lt;dd&gt;General object persistence built on top of  the Python &lt;tt class=&quot;docutils literal&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;pre&quot;&gt;dbm&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt; interface.&lt;/dd&gt;
&lt;dt&gt;Module &lt;a class=&quot;reference internal&quot; href=&quot;whichdb.html#module-whichdb&quot; title=&quot;whichdb: Guess which DBM-style module created a given database.&quot;&gt;&lt;tt class=&quot;xref py py-mod docutils literal&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;pre&quot;&gt;whichdb&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/dt&gt;
&lt;dd&gt;Utility module used to determine the type of an existing database.&lt;/dd&gt;
&lt;/dl&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;


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