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  &lt;div class=&quot;section&quot; id=&quot;concrete-objects-layer&quot;&gt;
&lt;span id=&quot;concrete&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;h1&gt;Concrete Objects Layer&lt;a class=&quot;headerlink&quot; href=&quot;#concrete-objects-layer&quot; title=&quot;Permalink to this headline&quot;&gt;¶&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h1&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The functions in this chapter are specific to certain Python object types.
Passing them an object of the wrong type is not a good idea; if you receive an
object from a Python program and you are not sure that it has the right type,
you must perform a type check first; for example, to check that an object is a
dictionary, use &lt;a class=&quot;reference internal&quot; href=&quot;dict.html#PyDict_Check&quot; title=&quot;PyDict_Check&quot;&gt;&lt;tt class=&quot;xref c c-func docutils literal&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;pre&quot;&gt;PyDict_Check()&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.  The chapter is structured like the
&amp;#8220;family tree&amp;#8221; of Python object types.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;admonition warning&quot;&gt;
&lt;p class=&quot;first admonition-title&quot;&gt;Warning&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class=&quot;last&quot;&gt;While the functions described in this chapter carefully check the type of the
objects which are passed in, many of them do not check for &lt;em&gt;NULL&lt;/em&gt; being passed
instead of a valid object.  Allowing &lt;em&gt;NULL&lt;/em&gt; to be passed in can cause memory
access violations and immediate termination of the interpreter.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;section&quot; id=&quot;fundamental-objects&quot;&gt;
&lt;span id=&quot;fundamental&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;h2&gt;Fundamental Objects&lt;a class=&quot;headerlink&quot; href=&quot;#fundamental-objects&quot; title=&quot;Permalink to this headline&quot;&gt;¶&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p&gt;This section describes Python type objects and the singleton object &lt;tt class=&quot;docutils literal&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;pre&quot;&gt;None&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;toctree-wrapper compound&quot;&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;toctree-l1&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;reference internal&quot; href=&quot;type.html&quot;&gt;Type Objects&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;toctree-l1&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;reference internal&quot; href=&quot;none.html&quot;&gt;The None Object&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;section&quot; id=&quot;numeric-objects&quot;&gt;
&lt;span id=&quot;numericobjects&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;h2&gt;Numeric Objects&lt;a class=&quot;headerlink&quot; href=&quot;#numeric-objects&quot; title=&quot;Permalink to this headline&quot;&gt;¶&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;toctree-wrapper compound&quot; id=&quot;index-0&quot;&gt;
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&lt;li class=&quot;toctree-l1&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;reference internal&quot; href=&quot;int.html&quot;&gt;Plain Integer Objects&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;toctree-l1&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;reference internal&quot; href=&quot;bool.html&quot;&gt;Boolean Objects&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;toctree-l1&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;reference internal&quot; href=&quot;long.html&quot;&gt;Long Integer Objects&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;toctree-l1&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;reference internal&quot; href=&quot;float.html&quot;&gt;Floating Point Objects&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;toctree-l1&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;reference internal&quot; href=&quot;complex.html&quot;&gt;Complex Number Objects&lt;/a&gt;&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;toctree-l2&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;reference internal&quot; href=&quot;complex.html#complex-numbers-as-c-structures&quot;&gt;Complex Numbers as C Structures&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;toctree-l2&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;reference internal&quot; href=&quot;complex.html#complex-numbers-as-python-objects&quot;&gt;Complex Numbers as Python Objects&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
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&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;section&quot; id=&quot;sequence-objects&quot;&gt;
&lt;span id=&quot;sequenceobjects&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;h2&gt;Sequence Objects&lt;a class=&quot;headerlink&quot; href=&quot;#sequence-objects&quot; title=&quot;Permalink to this headline&quot;&gt;¶&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p id=&quot;index-1&quot;&gt;Generic operations on sequence objects were discussed in the previous chapter;
this section deals with the specific kinds of sequence objects that are
intrinsic to the Python language.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;toctree-wrapper compound&quot;&gt;
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&lt;li class=&quot;toctree-l1&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;reference internal&quot; href=&quot;bytearray.html&quot;&gt;Byte Array Objects&lt;/a&gt;&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;toctree-l2&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;reference internal&quot; href=&quot;bytearray.html#type-check-macros&quot;&gt;Type check macros&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;toctree-l2&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;reference internal&quot; href=&quot;bytearray.html#direct-api-functions&quot;&gt;Direct API functions&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;toctree-l2&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;reference internal&quot; href=&quot;bytearray.html#macros&quot;&gt;Macros&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
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&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;toctree-l1&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;reference internal&quot; href=&quot;string.html&quot;&gt;String/Bytes Objects&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
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&lt;li class=&quot;toctree-l3&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;reference internal&quot; href=&quot;unicode.html#unicode-type&quot;&gt;Unicode Type&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;toctree-l3&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;reference internal&quot; href=&quot;unicode.html#unicode-character-properties&quot;&gt;Unicode Character Properties&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;toctree-l3&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;reference internal&quot; href=&quot;unicode.html#plain-py-unicode&quot;&gt;Plain Py_UNICODE&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;toctree-l3&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;reference internal&quot; href=&quot;unicode.html#wchar-t-support&quot;&gt;wchar_t Support&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
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&lt;li class=&quot;toctree-l3&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;reference internal&quot; href=&quot;unicode.html#unicode-escape-codecs&quot;&gt;Unicode-Escape Codecs&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;toctree-l3&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;reference internal&quot; href=&quot;unicode.html#raw-unicode-escape-codecs&quot;&gt;Raw-Unicode-Escape Codecs&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;toctree-l3&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;reference internal&quot; href=&quot;unicode.html#latin-1-codecs&quot;&gt;Latin-1 Codecs&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;toctree-l3&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;reference internal&quot; href=&quot;unicode.html#ascii-codecs&quot;&gt;ASCII Codecs&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
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&lt;li class=&quot;toctree-l3&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;reference internal&quot; href=&quot;unicode.html#mbcs-codecs-for-windows&quot;&gt;MBCS codecs for Windows&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;toctree-l3&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;reference internal&quot; href=&quot;unicode.html#methods-slots&quot;&gt;Methods &amp;amp; Slots&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
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&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;toctree-l2&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;reference internal&quot; href=&quot;unicode.html#methods-and-slot-functions&quot;&gt;Methods and Slot Functions&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;toctree-l1&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;reference internal&quot; href=&quot;buffer.html&quot;&gt;Buffers and Memoryview Objects&lt;/a&gt;&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;toctree-l2&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;reference internal&quot; href=&quot;buffer.html#the-new-style-py-buffer-struct&quot;&gt;The new-style Py_buffer struct&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;toctree-l2&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;reference internal&quot; href=&quot;buffer.html#buffer-related-functions&quot;&gt;Buffer related functions&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;toctree-l2&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;reference internal&quot; href=&quot;buffer.html#memoryview-objects&quot;&gt;MemoryView objects&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;toctree-l2&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;reference internal&quot; href=&quot;buffer.html#old-style-buffer-objects&quot;&gt;Old-style buffer objects&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;toctree-l1&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;reference internal&quot; href=&quot;tuple.html&quot;&gt;Tuple Objects&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;toctree-l1&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;reference internal&quot; href=&quot;list.html&quot;&gt;List Objects&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;section&quot; id=&quot;mapping-objects&quot;&gt;
&lt;span id=&quot;mapobjects&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;h2&gt;Mapping Objects&lt;a class=&quot;headerlink&quot; href=&quot;#mapping-objects&quot; title=&quot;Permalink to this headline&quot;&gt;¶&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;toctree-wrapper compound&quot; id=&quot;index-2&quot;&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;toctree-l1&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;reference internal&quot; href=&quot;dict.html&quot;&gt;Dictionary Objects&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;section&quot; id=&quot;other-objects&quot;&gt;
&lt;span id=&quot;otherobjects&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;h2&gt;Other Objects&lt;a class=&quot;headerlink&quot; href=&quot;#other-objects&quot; title=&quot;Permalink to this headline&quot;&gt;¶&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;toctree-wrapper compound&quot;&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;toctree-l1&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;reference internal&quot; href=&quot;class.html&quot;&gt;Class and Instance Objects&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;toctree-l1&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;reference internal&quot; href=&quot;function.html&quot;&gt;Function Objects&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;toctree-l1&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;reference internal&quot; href=&quot;method.html&quot;&gt;Method Objects&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;toctree-l1&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;reference internal&quot; href=&quot;file.html&quot;&gt;File Objects&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;toctree-l1&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;reference internal&quot; href=&quot;module.html&quot;&gt;Module Objects&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;toctree-l1&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;reference internal&quot; href=&quot;iterator.html&quot;&gt;Iterator Objects&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;toctree-l1&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;reference internal&quot; href=&quot;descriptor.html&quot;&gt;Descriptor Objects&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;toctree-l1&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;reference internal&quot; href=&quot;slice.html&quot;&gt;Slice Objects&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;toctree-l1&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;reference internal&quot; href=&quot;weakref.html&quot;&gt;Weak Reference Objects&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;toctree-l1&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;reference internal&quot; href=&quot;capsule.html&quot;&gt;Capsules&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;toctree-l1&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;reference internal&quot; href=&quot;cobject.html&quot;&gt;CObjects&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;toctree-l1&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;reference internal&quot; href=&quot;cell.html&quot;&gt;Cell Objects&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;toctree-l1&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;reference internal&quot; href=&quot;gen.html&quot;&gt;Generator Objects&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;toctree-l1&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;reference internal&quot; href=&quot;datetime.html&quot;&gt;DateTime Objects&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;toctree-l1&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;reference internal&quot; href=&quot;set.html&quot;&gt;Set Objects&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;toctree-l1&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;reference internal&quot; href=&quot;code.html&quot;&gt;Code Objects&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
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&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;


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  &lt;h3&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;../contents.html&quot;&gt;Table Of Contents&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;
  &lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;reference internal&quot; href=&quot;#&quot;&gt;Concrete Objects Layer&lt;/a&gt;&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;reference internal&quot; href=&quot;#fundamental-objects&quot;&gt;Fundamental Objects&lt;/a&gt;&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;reference internal&quot; href=&quot;#numeric-objects&quot;&gt;Numeric Objects&lt;/a&gt;&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;reference internal&quot; href=&quot;#sequence-objects&quot;&gt;Sequence Objects&lt;/a&gt;&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;reference internal&quot; href=&quot;#mapping-objects&quot;&gt;Mapping Objects&lt;/a&gt;&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;reference internal&quot; href=&quot;#other-objects&quot;&gt;Other Objects&lt;/a&gt;&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;

  &lt;h4&gt;Previous topic&lt;/h4&gt;
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