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  &lt;div class=&quot;section&quot; id=&quot;internet-data-handling&quot;&gt;
&lt;span id=&quot;netdata&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;h1&gt;18. Internet Data Handling&lt;a class=&quot;headerlink&quot; href=&quot;#internet-data-handling&quot; title=&quot;Permalink to this headline&quot;&gt;¶&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h1&gt;
&lt;p&gt;This chapter describes modules which support handling data formats commonly used
on the Internet.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;toctree-wrapper compound&quot;&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;toctree-l1&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;reference internal&quot; href=&quot;email.html&quot;&gt;18.1. &lt;tt class=&quot;docutils literal&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;pre&quot;&gt;email&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt; &amp;#8212; An email and MIME handling package&lt;/a&gt;&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;toctree-l2&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;reference internal&quot; href=&quot;email.message.html&quot;&gt;18.1.1. &lt;tt class=&quot;docutils literal&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;pre&quot;&gt;email.message&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;: Representing an email message&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;toctree-l2&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;reference internal&quot; href=&quot;email.parser.html&quot;&gt;18.1.2. &lt;tt class=&quot;docutils literal&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;pre&quot;&gt;email.parser&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;: Parsing email messages&lt;/a&gt;&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;toctree-l3&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;reference internal&quot; href=&quot;email.parser.html#feedparser-api&quot;&gt;18.1.2.1. FeedParser API&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;toctree-l3&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;reference internal&quot; href=&quot;email.parser.html#parser-class-api&quot;&gt;18.1.2.2. Parser class API&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;toctree-l3&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;reference internal&quot; href=&quot;email.parser.html#additional-notes&quot;&gt;18.1.2.3. Additional notes&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;toctree-l2&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;reference internal&quot; href=&quot;email.generator.html&quot;&gt;18.1.3. &lt;tt class=&quot;docutils literal&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;pre&quot;&gt;email.generator&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;: Generating MIME documents&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;toctree-l2&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;reference internal&quot; href=&quot;email.mime.html&quot;&gt;18.1.4. &lt;tt class=&quot;docutils literal&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;pre&quot;&gt;email.mime&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;: Creating email and MIME objects from scratch&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;toctree-l2&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;reference internal&quot; href=&quot;email.header.html&quot;&gt;18.1.5. &lt;tt class=&quot;docutils literal&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;pre&quot;&gt;email.header&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;: Internationalized headers&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;toctree-l2&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;reference internal&quot; href=&quot;email.charset.html&quot;&gt;18.1.6. &lt;tt class=&quot;docutils literal&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;pre&quot;&gt;email.charset&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;: Representing character sets&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;toctree-l2&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;reference internal&quot; href=&quot;email.encoders.html&quot;&gt;18.1.7. &lt;tt class=&quot;docutils literal&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;pre&quot;&gt;email.encoders&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;: Encoders&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;toctree-l2&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;reference internal&quot; href=&quot;email.errors.html&quot;&gt;18.1.8. &lt;tt class=&quot;docutils literal&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;pre&quot;&gt;email.errors&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;: Exception and Defect classes&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;toctree-l2&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;reference internal&quot; href=&quot;email.util.html&quot;&gt;18.1.9. &lt;tt class=&quot;docutils literal&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;pre&quot;&gt;email.utils&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;: Miscellaneous utilities&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;toctree-l2&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;reference internal&quot; href=&quot;email.iterators.html&quot;&gt;18.1.10. &lt;tt class=&quot;docutils literal&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;pre&quot;&gt;email.iterators&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;: Iterators&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;toctree-l2&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;reference internal&quot; href=&quot;email-examples.html&quot;&gt;18.1.11. &lt;tt class=&quot;docutils literal&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;pre&quot;&gt;email&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;: Examples&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;toctree-l2&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;reference internal&quot; href=&quot;email.html#package-history&quot;&gt;18.1.12. Package History&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;toctree-l2&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;reference internal&quot; href=&quot;email.html#differences-from-mimelib&quot;&gt;18.1.13. Differences from &lt;tt class=&quot;docutils literal&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;pre&quot;&gt;mimelib&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;toctree-l1&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;reference internal&quot; href=&quot;json.html&quot;&gt;18.2. &lt;tt class=&quot;docutils literal&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;pre&quot;&gt;json&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt; &amp;#8212; JSON encoder and decoder&lt;/a&gt;&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;toctree-l2&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;reference internal&quot; href=&quot;json.html#basic-usage&quot;&gt;18.2.1. Basic Usage&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;toctree-l2&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;reference internal&quot; href=&quot;json.html#encoders-and-decoders&quot;&gt;18.2.2. Encoders and Decoders&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;toctree-l2&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;reference internal&quot; href=&quot;json.html#standard-compliance&quot;&gt;18.2.3. Standard Compliance&lt;/a&gt;&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;toctree-l3&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;reference internal&quot; href=&quot;json.html#character-encodings&quot;&gt;18.2.3.1. Character Encodings&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;toctree-l3&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;reference internal&quot; href=&quot;json.html#top-level-non-object-non-array-values&quot;&gt;18.2.3.2. Top-level Non-Object, Non-Array Values&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;toctree-l3&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;reference internal&quot; href=&quot;json.html#infinite-and-nan-number-values&quot;&gt;18.2.3.3. Infinite and NaN Number Values&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;toctree-l3&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;reference internal&quot; href=&quot;json.html#repeated-names-within-an-object&quot;&gt;18.2.3.4. Repeated Names Within an Object&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;toctree-l1&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;reference internal&quot; href=&quot;mailcap.html&quot;&gt;18.3. &lt;tt class=&quot;docutils literal&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;pre&quot;&gt;mailcap&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt; &amp;#8212; Mailcap file handling&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;toctree-l1&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;reference internal&quot; href=&quot;mailbox.html&quot;&gt;18.4. &lt;tt class=&quot;docutils literal&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;pre&quot;&gt;mailbox&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt; &amp;#8212; Manipulate mailboxes in various formats&lt;/a&gt;&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;toctree-l2&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;reference internal&quot; href=&quot;mailbox.html#mailbox-objects&quot;&gt;18.4.1. &lt;tt class=&quot;docutils literal&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;pre&quot;&gt;Mailbox&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt; objects&lt;/a&gt;&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;toctree-l3&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;reference internal&quot; href=&quot;mailbox.html#maildir&quot;&gt;18.4.1.1. &lt;tt class=&quot;docutils literal&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;pre&quot;&gt;Maildir&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;toctree-l3&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;reference internal&quot; href=&quot;mailbox.html#mbox&quot;&gt;18.4.1.2. &lt;tt class=&quot;docutils literal&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;pre&quot;&gt;mbox&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;toctree-l3&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;reference internal&quot; href=&quot;mailbox.html#mh&quot;&gt;18.4.1.3. &lt;tt class=&quot;docutils literal&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;pre&quot;&gt;MH&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;toctree-l3&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;reference internal&quot; href=&quot;mailbox.html#babyl&quot;&gt;18.4.1.4. &lt;tt class=&quot;docutils literal&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;pre&quot;&gt;Babyl&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;toctree-l3&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;reference internal&quot; href=&quot;mailbox.html#mmdf&quot;&gt;18.4.1.5. &lt;tt class=&quot;docutils literal&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;pre&quot;&gt;MMDF&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;toctree-l2&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;reference internal&quot; href=&quot;mailbox.html#message-objects&quot;&gt;18.4.2. &lt;tt class=&quot;docutils literal&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;pre&quot;&gt;Message&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt; objects&lt;/a&gt;&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;toctree-l3&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;reference internal&quot; href=&quot;mailbox.html#maildirmessage&quot;&gt;18.4.2.1. &lt;tt class=&quot;docutils literal&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;pre&quot;&gt;MaildirMessage&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;toctree-l3&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;reference internal&quot; href=&quot;mailbox.html#mboxmessage&quot;&gt;18.4.2.2. &lt;tt class=&quot;docutils literal&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;pre&quot;&gt;mboxMessage&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;toctree-l3&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;reference internal&quot; href=&quot;mailbox.html#mhmessage&quot;&gt;18.4.2.3. &lt;tt class=&quot;docutils literal&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;pre&quot;&gt;MHMessage&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;toctree-l3&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;reference internal&quot; href=&quot;mailbox.html#babylmessage&quot;&gt;18.4.2.4. &lt;tt class=&quot;docutils literal&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;pre&quot;&gt;BabylMessage&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;toctree-l3&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;reference internal&quot; href=&quot;mailbox.html#mmdfmessage&quot;&gt;18.4.2.5. &lt;tt class=&quot;docutils literal&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;pre&quot;&gt;MMDFMessage&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;toctree-l2&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;reference internal&quot; href=&quot;mailbox.html#exceptions&quot;&gt;18.4.3. Exceptions&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;toctree-l2&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;reference internal&quot; href=&quot;mailbox.html#deprecated-classes-and-methods&quot;&gt;18.4.4. Deprecated classes and methods&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;toctree-l2&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;reference internal&quot; href=&quot;mailbox.html#examples&quot;&gt;18.4.5. Examples&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;toctree-l1&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;reference internal&quot; href=&quot;mhlib.html&quot;&gt;18.5. &lt;tt class=&quot;docutils literal&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;pre&quot;&gt;mhlib&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt; &amp;#8212; Access to MH mailboxes&lt;/a&gt;&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;toctree-l2&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;reference internal&quot; href=&quot;mhlib.html#mh-objects&quot;&gt;18.5.1. MH Objects&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;toctree-l2&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;reference internal&quot; href=&quot;mhlib.html#folder-objects&quot;&gt;18.5.2. Folder Objects&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;toctree-l2&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;reference internal&quot; href=&quot;mhlib.html#message-objects&quot;&gt;18.5.3. Message Objects&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;toctree-l1&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;reference internal&quot; href=&quot;mimetools.html&quot;&gt;18.6. &lt;tt class=&quot;docutils literal&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;pre&quot;&gt;mimetools&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt; &amp;#8212; Tools for parsing MIME messages&lt;/a&gt;&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;toctree-l2&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;reference internal&quot; href=&quot;mimetools.html#additional-methods-of-message-objects&quot;&gt;18.6.1. Additional Methods of Message Objects&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;toctree-l1&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;reference internal&quot; href=&quot;mimetypes.html&quot;&gt;18.7. &lt;tt class=&quot;docutils literal&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;pre&quot;&gt;mimetypes&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt; &amp;#8212; Map filenames to MIME types&lt;/a&gt;&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;toctree-l2&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;reference internal&quot; href=&quot;mimetypes.html#mimetypes-objects&quot;&gt;18.7.1. MimeTypes Objects&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;toctree-l1&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;reference internal&quot; href=&quot;mimewriter.html&quot;&gt;18.8. &lt;tt class=&quot;docutils literal&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;pre&quot;&gt;MimeWriter&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt; &amp;#8212; Generic MIME file writer&lt;/a&gt;&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;toctree-l2&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;reference internal&quot; href=&quot;mimewriter.html#mimewriter-objects&quot;&gt;18.8.1. MimeWriter Objects&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;toctree-l1&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;reference internal&quot; href=&quot;mimify.html&quot;&gt;18.9. &lt;tt class=&quot;docutils literal&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;pre&quot;&gt;mimify&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt; &amp;#8212; MIME processing of mail messages&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;toctree-l1&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;reference internal&quot; href=&quot;multifile.html&quot;&gt;18.10. &lt;tt class=&quot;docutils literal&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;pre&quot;&gt;multifile&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt; &amp;#8212; Support for files containing distinct parts&lt;/a&gt;&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;toctree-l2&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;reference internal&quot; href=&quot;multifile.html#multifile-objects&quot;&gt;18.10.1. MultiFile Objects&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;toctree-l2&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;reference internal&quot; href=&quot;multifile.html#multifile-example&quot;&gt;18.10.2. &lt;tt class=&quot;docutils literal&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;pre&quot;&gt;MultiFile&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt; Example&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;toctree-l1&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;reference internal&quot; href=&quot;rfc822.html&quot;&gt;18.11. &lt;tt class=&quot;docutils literal&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;pre&quot;&gt;rfc822&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt; &amp;#8212; Parse RFC 2822 mail headers&lt;/a&gt;&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;toctree-l2&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;reference internal&quot; href=&quot;rfc822.html#message-objects&quot;&gt;18.11.1. Message Objects&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
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