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&lt;body class=&quot;article&quot;&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;header&quot;&gt;
&lt;h1&gt;Everyday Git With 20 Commands Or So&lt;/h1&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;content&quot;&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;preamble&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;sectionbody&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;paragraph&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#Individual Developer (Standalone)&quot;&gt;[Individual Developer (Standalone)]&lt;/a&gt; commands are essential for
anybody who makes a commit, even for somebody who works alone.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;paragraph&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;If you work with other people, you will need commands listed in
the &lt;a href=&quot;#Individual Developer (Participant)&quot;&gt;[Individual Developer (Participant)]&lt;/a&gt; section as well.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;paragraph&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;People who play the &lt;a href=&quot;#Integrator&quot;&gt;[Integrator]&lt;/a&gt; role need to learn some more
commands in addition to the above.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;paragraph&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#Repository Administration&quot;&gt;[Repository Administration]&lt;/a&gt; commands are for system
administrators who are responsible for the care and feeding
of Git repositories.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;sect1&quot;&gt;
&lt;h2 id=&quot;_individual_developer_standalone_a_id_individual_developer_standalone_a&quot;&gt;Individual Developer (Standalone)&lt;a id=&quot;Individual Developer (Standalone)&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;sectionbody&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;paragraph&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;A standalone individual developer does not exchange patches with
other people, and works alone in a single repository, using the
following commands.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;ulist&quot;&gt;&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;git-init.html&quot;&gt;git-init(1)&lt;/a&gt; to create a new repository.
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;git-show-branch.html&quot;&gt;git-show-branch(1)&lt;/a&gt; to see where you are.
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;git-log.html&quot;&gt;git-log(1)&lt;/a&gt; to see what happened.
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;git-checkout.html&quot;&gt;git-checkout(1)&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;git-branch.html&quot;&gt;git-branch(1)&lt;/a&gt; to switch
    branches.
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;git-add.html&quot;&gt;git-add(1)&lt;/a&gt; to manage the index file.
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;git-diff.html&quot;&gt;git-diff(1)&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;git-status.html&quot;&gt;git-status(1)&lt;/a&gt; to see what
    you are in the middle of doing.
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;git-commit.html&quot;&gt;git-commit(1)&lt;/a&gt; to advance the current branch.
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;git-reset.html&quot;&gt;git-reset(1)&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;git-checkout.html&quot;&gt;git-checkout(1)&lt;/a&gt; (with
    pathname parameters) to undo changes.
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;git-merge.html&quot;&gt;git-merge(1)&lt;/a&gt; to merge between local branches.
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;git-rebase.html&quot;&gt;git-rebase(1)&lt;/a&gt; to maintain topic branches.
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;git-tag.html&quot;&gt;git-tag(1)&lt;/a&gt; to mark known point.
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;sect2&quot;&gt;
&lt;h3 id=&quot;_examples&quot;&gt;Examples&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;dlist&quot;&gt;&lt;dl&gt;
&lt;dt class=&quot;hdlist1&quot;&gt;
Use a tarball as a starting point for a new repository.
&lt;/dt&gt;
&lt;dd&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;listingblock&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;content&quot;&gt;
&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;$ tar zxf frotz.tar.gz
$ cd frotz
$ git init
$ git add . &lt;b&gt;&amp;lt;1&amp;gt;&lt;/b&gt;
$ git commit -m &quot;import of frotz source tree.&quot;
$ git tag v2.43 &lt;b&gt;&amp;lt;2&amp;gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;colist arabic&quot;&gt;&lt;ol&gt;
&lt;li&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
add everything under the current directory.
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
make a lightweight, unannotated tag.
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/dd&gt;
&lt;dt class=&quot;hdlist1&quot;&gt;
Create a topic branch and develop.
&lt;/dt&gt;
&lt;dd&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;listingblock&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;content&quot;&gt;
&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;$ git checkout -b alsa-audio &lt;b&gt;&amp;lt;1&amp;gt;&lt;/b&gt;
$ edit/compile/test
$ git checkout -- curses/ux_audio_oss.c &lt;b&gt;&amp;lt;2&amp;gt;&lt;/b&gt;
$ git add curses/ux_audio_alsa.c &lt;b&gt;&amp;lt;3&amp;gt;&lt;/b&gt;
$ edit/compile/test
$ git diff HEAD &lt;b&gt;&amp;lt;4&amp;gt;&lt;/b&gt;
$ git commit -a -s &lt;b&gt;&amp;lt;5&amp;gt;&lt;/b&gt;
$ edit/compile/test
$ git reset --soft HEAD^ &lt;b&gt;&amp;lt;6&amp;gt;&lt;/b&gt;
$ edit/compile/test
$ git diff ORIG_HEAD &lt;b&gt;&amp;lt;7&amp;gt;&lt;/b&gt;
$ git commit -a -c ORIG_HEAD &lt;b&gt;&amp;lt;8&amp;gt;&lt;/b&gt;
$ git checkout master &lt;b&gt;&amp;lt;9&amp;gt;&lt;/b&gt;
$ git merge alsa-audio &lt;b&gt;&amp;lt;10&amp;gt;&lt;/b&gt;
$ git log --since='3 days ago' &lt;b&gt;&amp;lt;11&amp;gt;&lt;/b&gt;
$ git log v2.43.. curses/ &lt;b&gt;&amp;lt;12&amp;gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;colist arabic&quot;&gt;&lt;ol&gt;
&lt;li&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
create a new topic branch.
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
revert your botched changes in &lt;code&gt;curses/ux_audio_oss.c&lt;/code&gt;.
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
you need to tell Git if you added a new file; removal and
modification will be caught if you do &lt;code&gt;git commit -a&lt;/code&gt; later.
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
to see what changes you are committing.
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
commit everything as you have tested, with your sign-off.
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
take the last commit back, keeping what is in the working tree.
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
look at the changes since the premature commit we took back.
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
redo the commit undone in the previous step, using the message
you originally wrote.
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
switch to the master branch.
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
merge a topic branch into your master branch.
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
review commit logs; other forms to limit output can be
combined and include &lt;code&gt;--max-count=10&lt;/code&gt; (show 10 commits),
&lt;code&gt;--until=2005-12-10&lt;/code&gt;, etc.
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
view only the changes that touch what&amp;#8217;s in &lt;code&gt;curses/&lt;/code&gt;
directory, since &lt;code&gt;v2.43&lt;/code&gt; tag.
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/dd&gt;
&lt;/dl&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;sect1&quot;&gt;
&lt;h2 id=&quot;_individual_developer_participant_a_id_individual_developer_participant_a&quot;&gt;Individual Developer (Participant)&lt;a id=&quot;Individual Developer (Participant)&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;sectionbody&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;paragraph&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;A developer working as a participant in a group project needs to
learn how to communicate with others, and uses these commands in
addition to the ones needed by a standalone developer.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;ulist&quot;&gt;&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;git-clone.html&quot;&gt;git-clone(1)&lt;/a&gt; from the upstream to prime your local
    repository.
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;git-pull.html&quot;&gt;git-pull(1)&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;git-fetch.html&quot;&gt;git-fetch(1)&lt;/a&gt; from &quot;origin&quot;
    to keep up-to-date with the upstream.
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;git-push.html&quot;&gt;git-push(1)&lt;/a&gt; to shared repository, if you adopt CVS
    style shared repository workflow.
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;git-format-patch.html&quot;&gt;git-format-patch(1)&lt;/a&gt; to prepare e-mail submission, if
    you adopt Linux kernel-style public forum workflow.
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;sect2&quot;&gt;
&lt;h3 id=&quot;_examples_2&quot;&gt;Examples&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;dlist&quot;&gt;&lt;dl&gt;
&lt;dt class=&quot;hdlist1&quot;&gt;
Clone the upstream and work on it.  Feed changes to upstream.
&lt;/dt&gt;
&lt;dd&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;listingblock&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;content&quot;&gt;
&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;$ git clone git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/.../torvalds/linux-2.6 my2.6
$ cd my2.6
$ edit/compile/test; git commit -a -s &lt;b&gt;&amp;lt;1&amp;gt;&lt;/b&gt;
$ git format-patch origin &lt;b&gt;&amp;lt;2&amp;gt;&lt;/b&gt;
$ git pull &lt;b&gt;&amp;lt;3&amp;gt;&lt;/b&gt;
$ git log -p ORIG_HEAD.. arch/i386 include/asm-i386 &lt;b&gt;&amp;lt;4&amp;gt;&lt;/b&gt;
$ git pull git://git.kernel.org/pub/.../jgarzik/libata-dev.git ALL &lt;b&gt;&amp;lt;5&amp;gt;&lt;/b&gt;
$ git reset --hard ORIG_HEAD &lt;b&gt;&amp;lt;6&amp;gt;&lt;/b&gt;
$ git gc &lt;b&gt;&amp;lt;7&amp;gt;&lt;/b&gt;
$ git fetch --tags &lt;b&gt;&amp;lt;8&amp;gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;colist arabic&quot;&gt;&lt;ol&gt;
&lt;li&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
repeat as needed.
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
extract patches from your branch for e-mail submission.
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
&lt;code&gt;git pull&lt;/code&gt; fetches from &lt;code&gt;origin&lt;/code&gt; by default and merges into the
current branch.
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
immediately after pulling, look at the changes done upstream
since last time we checked, only in the
area we are interested in.
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
fetch from a specific branch from a specific repository and merge.
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
revert the pull.
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
garbage collect leftover objects from reverted pull.
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
from time to time, obtain official tags from the &lt;code&gt;origin&lt;/code&gt;
and store them under &lt;code&gt;.git/refs/tags/&lt;/code&gt;.
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/dd&gt;
&lt;dt class=&quot;hdlist1&quot;&gt;
Push into another repository.
&lt;/dt&gt;
&lt;dd&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;listingblock&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;content&quot;&gt;
&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;satellite$ git clone mothership:frotz frotz &lt;b&gt;&amp;lt;1&amp;gt;&lt;/b&gt;
satellite$ cd frotz
satellite$ git config --get-regexp '^(remote|branch)\.' &lt;b&gt;&amp;lt;2&amp;gt;&lt;/b&gt;
remote.origin.url mothership:frotz
remote.origin.fetch refs/heads/*:refs/remotes/origin/*
branch.master.remote origin
branch.master.merge refs/heads/master
satellite$ git config remote.origin.push \
           master:refs/remotes/satellite/master &lt;b&gt;&amp;lt;3&amp;gt;&lt;/b&gt;
satellite$ edit/compile/test/commit
satellite$ git push origin &lt;b&gt;&amp;lt;4&amp;gt;&lt;/b&gt;

mothership$ cd frotz
mothership$ git checkout master
mothership$ git merge satellite/master &lt;b&gt;&amp;lt;5&amp;gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;colist arabic&quot;&gt;&lt;ol&gt;
&lt;li&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
mothership machine has a frotz repository under your home
directory; clone from it to start a repository on the satellite
machine.
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
clone sets these configuration variables by default.
It arranges &lt;code&gt;git pull&lt;/code&gt; to fetch and store the branches of mothership
machine to local &lt;code&gt;remotes/origin/*&lt;/code&gt; remote-tracking branches.
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
arrange &lt;code&gt;git push&lt;/code&gt; to push local &lt;code&gt;master&lt;/code&gt; branch to
&lt;code&gt;remotes/satellite/master&lt;/code&gt; branch of the mothership machine.
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
push will stash our work away on &lt;code&gt;remotes/satellite/master&lt;/code&gt;
remote-tracking branch on the mothership machine.  You could use this
as a back-up method.
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
on mothership machine, merge the work done on the satellite
machine into the master branch.
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/dd&gt;
&lt;dt class=&quot;hdlist1&quot;&gt;
Branch off of a specific tag.
&lt;/dt&gt;
&lt;dd&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;listingblock&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;content&quot;&gt;
&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;$ git checkout -b private2.6.14 v2.6.14 &lt;b&gt;&amp;lt;1&amp;gt;&lt;/b&gt;
$ edit/compile/test; git commit -a
$ git checkout master
$ git format-patch -k -m --stdout v2.6.14..private2.6.14 |
  git am -3 -k &lt;b&gt;&amp;lt;2&amp;gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;colist arabic&quot;&gt;&lt;ol&gt;
&lt;li&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
create a private branch based on a well known (but somewhat behind)
tag.
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
forward port all changes in &lt;code&gt;private2.6.14&lt;/code&gt; branch to &lt;code&gt;master&lt;/code&gt; branch
without a formal &quot;merging&quot;.
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/dd&gt;
&lt;/dl&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;sect1&quot;&gt;
&lt;h2 id=&quot;_integrator_a_id_integrator_a&quot;&gt;Integrator&lt;a id=&quot;Integrator&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;sectionbody&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;paragraph&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;A fairly central person acting as the integrator in a group
project receives changes made by others, reviews and integrates
them and publishes the result for others to use, using these
commands in addition to the ones needed by participants.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;ulist&quot;&gt;&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;git-am.html&quot;&gt;git-am(1)&lt;/a&gt; to apply patches e-mailed in from your
    contributors.
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;git-pull.html&quot;&gt;git-pull(1)&lt;/a&gt; to merge from your trusted lieutenants.
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;git-format-patch.html&quot;&gt;git-format-patch(1)&lt;/a&gt; to prepare and send suggested
    alternative to contributors.
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;git-revert.html&quot;&gt;git-revert(1)&lt;/a&gt; to undo botched commits.
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;git-push.html&quot;&gt;git-push(1)&lt;/a&gt; to publish the bleeding edge.
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;sect2&quot;&gt;
&lt;h3 id=&quot;_examples_3&quot;&gt;Examples&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;dlist&quot;&gt;&lt;dl&gt;
&lt;dt class=&quot;hdlist1&quot;&gt;
My typical Git day.
&lt;/dt&gt;
&lt;dd&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;listingblock&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;content&quot;&gt;
&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;$ git status &lt;b&gt;&amp;lt;1&amp;gt;&lt;/b&gt;
$ git show-branch &lt;b&gt;&amp;lt;2&amp;gt;&lt;/b&gt;
$ mailx &lt;b&gt;&amp;lt;3&amp;gt;&lt;/b&gt;
&amp;amp; s 2 3 4 5 ./+to-apply
&amp;amp; s 7 8 ./+hold-linus
&amp;amp; q
$ git checkout -b topic/one master
$ git am -3 -i -s -u ./+to-apply &lt;b&gt;&amp;lt;4&amp;gt;&lt;/b&gt;
$ compile/test
$ git checkout -b hold/linus &amp;amp;&amp;amp; git am -3 -i -s -u ./+hold-linus &lt;b&gt;&amp;lt;5&amp;gt;&lt;/b&gt;
$ git checkout topic/one &amp;amp;&amp;amp; git rebase master &lt;b&gt;&amp;lt;6&amp;gt;&lt;/b&gt;
$ git checkout pu &amp;amp;&amp;amp; git reset --hard next &lt;b&gt;&amp;lt;7&amp;gt;&lt;/b&gt;
$ git merge topic/one topic/two &amp;amp;&amp;amp; git merge hold/linus &lt;b&gt;&amp;lt;8&amp;gt;&lt;/b&gt;
$ git checkout maint
$ git cherry-pick master~4 &lt;b&gt;&amp;lt;9&amp;gt;&lt;/b&gt;
$ compile/test
$ git tag -s -m &quot;GIT 0.99.9x&quot; v0.99.9x &lt;b&gt;&amp;lt;10&amp;gt;&lt;/b&gt;
$ git fetch ko &amp;amp;&amp;amp; git show-branch master maint 'tags/ko-*' &lt;b&gt;&amp;lt;11&amp;gt;&lt;/b&gt;
$ git push ko &lt;b&gt;&amp;lt;12&amp;gt;&lt;/b&gt;
$ git push ko v0.99.9x &lt;b&gt;&amp;lt;13&amp;gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;colist arabic&quot;&gt;&lt;ol&gt;
&lt;li&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
see what I was in the middle of doing, if any.
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
see what topic branches I have and think about how ready
they are.
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
read mails, save ones that are applicable, and save others
that are not quite ready.
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
apply them, interactively, with my sign-offs.
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
create topic branch as needed and apply, again with my
sign-offs.
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
rebase internal topic branch that has not been merged to the
master, nor exposed as a part of a stable branch.
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
restart &lt;code&gt;pu&lt;/code&gt; every time from the next.
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
and bundle topic branches still cooking.
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
backport a critical fix.
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
create a signed tag.
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
make sure I did not accidentally rewind master beyond what I
already pushed out.  &lt;code&gt;ko&lt;/code&gt; shorthand points at the repository I have
at kernel.org, and looks like this:
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;listingblock&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;content&quot;&gt;
&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;$ cat .git/remotes/ko
URL: kernel.org:/pub/scm/git/git.git
Pull: master:refs/tags/ko-master
Pull: next:refs/tags/ko-next
Pull: maint:refs/tags/ko-maint
Push: master
Push: next
Push: +pu
Push: maint&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;paragraph&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;In the output from &lt;code&gt;git show-branch&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;master&lt;/code&gt; should have
everything &lt;code&gt;ko-master&lt;/code&gt; has, and &lt;code&gt;next&lt;/code&gt; should have
everything &lt;code&gt;ko-next&lt;/code&gt; has.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
push out the bleeding edge.
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
push the tag out, too.
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/dd&gt;
&lt;/dl&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;sect1&quot;&gt;
&lt;h2 id=&quot;_repository_administration_a_id_repository_administration_a&quot;&gt;Repository Administration&lt;a id=&quot;Repository Administration&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;sectionbody&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;paragraph&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;A repository administrator uses the following tools to set up
and maintain access to the repository by developers.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;ulist&quot;&gt;&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;git-daemon.html&quot;&gt;git-daemon(1)&lt;/a&gt; to allow anonymous download from
    repository.
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;git-shell.html&quot;&gt;git-shell(1)&lt;/a&gt; can be used as a &lt;em&gt;restricted login shell&lt;/em&gt;
    for shared central repository users.
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;paragraph&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;howto/update-hook-example.txt&quot;&gt;update hook howto&lt;/a&gt; has a good
example of managing a shared central repository.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;sect2&quot;&gt;
&lt;h3 id=&quot;_examples_4&quot;&gt;Examples&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;dlist&quot;&gt;&lt;dl&gt;
&lt;dt class=&quot;hdlist1&quot;&gt;
We assume the following in /etc/services
&lt;/dt&gt;
&lt;dd&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;listingblock&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;content&quot;&gt;
&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;$ grep 9418 /etc/services
git             9418/tcp                # Git Version Control System&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/dd&gt;
&lt;dt class=&quot;hdlist1&quot;&gt;
Run git-daemon to serve /pub/scm from inetd.
&lt;/dt&gt;
&lt;dd&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;listingblock&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;content&quot;&gt;
&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;$ grep git /etc/inetd.conf
git     stream  tcp     nowait  nobody \
  /usr/bin/git-daemon git-daemon --inetd --export-all /pub/scm&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;paragraph&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;The actual configuration line should be on one line.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/dd&gt;
&lt;dt class=&quot;hdlist1&quot;&gt;
Run git-daemon to serve /pub/scm from xinetd.
&lt;/dt&gt;
&lt;dd&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;listingblock&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;content&quot;&gt;
&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;$ cat /etc/xinetd.d/git-daemon
# default: off
# description: The Git server offers access to Git repositories
service git
{
        disable = no
        type            = UNLISTED
        port            = 9418
        socket_type     = stream
        wait            = no
        user            = nobody
        server          = /usr/bin/git-daemon
        server_args     = --inetd --export-all --base-path=/pub/scm
        log_on_failure  += USERID
}&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;paragraph&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;Check your xinetd(8) documentation and setup, this is from a Fedora system.
Others might be different.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/dd&gt;
&lt;dt class=&quot;hdlist1&quot;&gt;
Give push/pull only access to developers.
&lt;/dt&gt;
&lt;dd&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;listingblock&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;content&quot;&gt;
&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;$ grep git /etc/passwd &lt;b&gt;&amp;lt;1&amp;gt;&lt;/b&gt;
alice:x:1000:1000::/home/alice:/usr/bin/git-shell
bob:x:1001:1001::/home/bob:/usr/bin/git-shell
cindy:x:1002:1002::/home/cindy:/usr/bin/git-shell
david:x:1003:1003::/home/david:/usr/bin/git-shell
$ grep git /etc/shells &lt;b&gt;&amp;lt;2&amp;gt;&lt;/b&gt;
/usr/bin/git-shell&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;colist arabic&quot;&gt;&lt;ol&gt;
&lt;li&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
log-in shell is set to /usr/bin/git-shell, which does not
allow anything but &lt;code&gt;git push&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;git pull&lt;/code&gt;.  The users should
get an ssh access to the machine.
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
in many distributions /etc/shells needs to list what is used
as the login shell.
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/dd&gt;
&lt;dt class=&quot;hdlist1&quot;&gt;
CVS-style shared repository.
&lt;/dt&gt;
&lt;dd&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;listingblock&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;content&quot;&gt;
&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;$ grep git /etc/group &lt;b&gt;&amp;lt;1&amp;gt;&lt;/b&gt;
git:x:9418:alice,bob,cindy,david
$ cd /home/devo.git
$ ls -l &lt;b&gt;&amp;lt;2&amp;gt;&lt;/b&gt;
  lrwxrwxrwx   1 david git    17 Dec  4 22:40 HEAD -&amp;gt; refs/heads/master
  drwxrwsr-x   2 david git  4096 Dec  4 22:40 branches
  -rw-rw-r--   1 david git    84 Dec  4 22:40 config
  -rw-rw-r--   1 david git    58 Dec  4 22:40 description
  drwxrwsr-x   2 david git  4096 Dec  4 22:40 hooks
  -rw-rw-r--   1 david git 37504 Dec  4 22:40 index
  drwxrwsr-x   2 david git  4096 Dec  4 22:40 info
  drwxrwsr-x   4 david git  4096 Dec  4 22:40 objects
  drwxrwsr-x   4 david git  4096 Nov  7 14:58 refs
  drwxrwsr-x   2 david git  4096 Dec  4 22:40 remotes
$ ls -l hooks/update &lt;b&gt;&amp;lt;3&amp;gt;&lt;/b&gt;
  -r-xr-xr-x   1 david git  3536 Dec  4 22:40 update
$ cat info/allowed-users &lt;b&gt;&amp;lt;4&amp;gt;&lt;/b&gt;
refs/heads/master       alice\|cindy
refs/heads/doc-update   bob
refs/tags/v[0-9]*       david&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;colist arabic&quot;&gt;&lt;ol&gt;
&lt;li&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
place the developers into the same git group.
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
and make the shared repository writable by the group.
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
use update-hook example by Carl from Documentation/howto/
for branch policy control.
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
alice and cindy can push into master, only bob can push into doc-update.
david is the release manager and is the only person who can
create and push version tags.
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/dd&gt;
&lt;dt class=&quot;hdlist1&quot;&gt;
HTTP server to support dumb protocol transfer.
&lt;/dt&gt;
&lt;dd&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;listingblock&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;content&quot;&gt;
&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;dev$ git update-server-info &lt;b&gt;&amp;lt;1&amp;gt;&lt;/b&gt;
dev$ ftp user@isp.example.com &lt;b&gt;&amp;lt;2&amp;gt;&lt;/b&gt;
ftp&amp;gt; cp -r .git /home/user/myproject.git&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;colist arabic&quot;&gt;&lt;ol&gt;
&lt;li&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
make sure your info/refs and objects/info/packs are up-to-date
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
upload to public HTTP server hosted by your ISP.
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/dd&gt;
&lt;/dl&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;footnotes&quot;&gt;&lt;hr /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;footer&quot;&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;footer-text&quot;&gt;
Last updated 2013-06-10 20:01:55 UTC
&lt;/div&gt;
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