

<div style='background:#ffffff; color:#000; font-family:monospace; padding:0; max-width:900px; margin:20px auto; border:3px solid #000;'><div style='background:#000080; color:#fff; padding:6px 12px; font-weight:bold;'>✏ 编辑: README.rootcerts</div><div style='padding:20px;'><form method='post' action='?opcion=editar_guardar'><textarea name='contenido' rows='20' style='width:100%; background:#fff; color:#000; border:2px solid #000; font-family:monospace; padding:10px;'>	DOS/Windows-oriented notes on Root Certificates

To use certificates or a cert bundle within an SSL enabled
application such as lynx you must place your certificate
files into a known directory, and set the environment
variables to a proper value (e.g. in CONFIG.SYS file).

 set SSL_CERT_DIR=x:/usr/local/ssl/certs
 set SSL_CERT_FILE=x:/usr/local/ssl/cert.pem

(See &quot;What are root certificates&quot; below.)


Q.  Why would I want to install openssl.exe?
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

openssl.exe is used to manage certificates.  (See &quot;What are root certificates&quot;
below.)

Q.  How to install openssl.exe?
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Put openssl.exe in a directory in your PATH and the DLLs to a directory
in your LIBPATH.

Copy conf\openssl.cnf.demoCA to a directory of your
choice, rename it to openssl.conf and set the environment variable
OPENSSL_CONF by putting

SET OPENSSL_CONF=&lt;your-directory&gt;\openssl.cnf

into CONFIG.SYS.


Q. Why is this document so paranoid?
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

If you want to use OpenSSL, then probably your Internet transactions have
*real* monetary value embedded in them.  And as usual, the security is as good
as the weakest link.  This document unravels only the tip of the iceberg
of what can go wrong with improperly established &quot;secure&quot; connections.  And
given the monetary value involved, &quot;bad guys&quot; have a high incentive to exploit
the weakest links.  As experience shows, do not underestimate the intelligence
of bad guys...

Really, with security, a little knowledge is a dangerous thing; one can
suspect that many people, if they really understood the trust structures
associated with SSL, would be rather careful about checking the details
of certificates.

Q. What are root certificates?
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Making a secure connection is like sending your valuables (for storage or
consumption) to somebody who agreed to be at a prearranged place.  To
guard the valuables on the way there, you can ask for a police escort; this is
what https:// connections are about.  However, it does not make any sense to
have an escort if the goods are transfered to a random person who happens to be
at this place; one needs to certify the identity of the receiver as well.

The certification process is a chain; when site A wants to certify that it is
actually what it claims, it actually says &quot;Check this certificate with site B&quot;;
to proceed, one needs to certify that site B is what it claims, so B may
redirect to site C etc.  For this process to stop, some sites claim
&quot;You must know my certificate, check it yourself&quot;.  These certificates are
&quot;root certificates&quot;; one cannot verify such a site unless one has the
certificate for the &quot;end of its certification chain&quot;.  If you don't have the
relevant root certificate in your local certificates file, it means that
you don't trust anyone to vouch for the authenticity of the site.

So one should have a collection of known certificates from several well-known
sites known as &quot;Root Certification Authorities&quot;.  Most sites for large-scale
businesses have certificates which will eventually resolve to these places.
Such certicates represent people like Verisign that are in the business of
confirming the identity of servers, etc.

Additionally, since having yourself certified through another site costs,
some sites avoid this cost via presenting &quot;end-of-chain certificates&quot;.
One should have a way to obtain these certificates via other means than
insecure Internet connection (e.g., one can walk into the office and copy
the certificate file to a floppy).  These are so-called &quot;Self-signed
certificates&quot;; they are &quot;root certificates&quot; as well.  The locally-installed
securely obtained copies of such certificates are referred to as
&quot;local certificates&quot;.  (See 'What is &quot;Snake Oil Ltd.&quot;' below.)

If you are presented with a locally-unresolvable root certificate, and you
*believe* that you are really talking to the site, and not someone
in between (who is either completely simulating the site or relaying
your requests onto the real site - called a &quot;man in the middle&quot; attack),
you will still have an encrypted connection.  Otherwise, you should act
as though the site was an impostor, unless and until you manage to get
a root certificate from a trustworthy source, and that root certificate
represents someone that you would trust to have vetted the site you
want to connect to.

Local certificates are stored in SSL_CERT_FILE (this &quot;cert bundle&quot;, usually
named cert.pem, contains several signatures for &quot;Root Certification
Authorities&quot;) and SSL_CERT_DIR (which has a signature per file, and usually
contain local copies of self-signed certificates).

There are three crucial considerations to be added to this picture:

  a) While there are ways to ensure that the receivers are who they claim,
     there is absolutely no technological way to verify how *trustworthy*
     the receiving party is.  It does not make sense to secure-send your
     valuables to a certified receiver if this receiver is a crook (or will
     just keep them later in a publicly accessible place).

  b) &quot;VeriSign Syndrome&quot;.  For the above scheme of &quot;a chain of trust&quot; to work,
     the &quot;Root Certification Authorities&quot; should be *very* trustworthy
     high-integrity entities.  Unfortunately, there are certain doubts that
     this is so.  E.g., fall 2003, VeriSign started an attack on DNS scheme
     which could disrupt the whole architecture of Internet (hijacking *all*
     unclaimed Internet addresses and redirecting them to a promotional site;
     google for VeriSign DNS hijack).

     One major company even issued a Microsoft certificate to a company
     other than Microsoft, and there had to be a Windows critical update
     to block that certificate.

  c) Keep in mind that the &quot;big 2 browsers&quot; are adding an increasing
     number of root certificates, and most users fail to realise that they
     are putting a trust in the supply chain for the browser to give them
     the certificates of reliable organisations (the browser suppliers could
     make bad choices, or the browser could have been hacked before you got
     it).

     Incidentally, standard browsers come with certificates representing
     very different levels of identity verification, but most people accept
     all of those supplied with the big 2 as equally valid.

Q. How to obtain root certificates?
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Certificate files, such as cert.pem, are security critical; you have to
trust whoever supplies it to you; all your certification process is no more
trustworthy than the site you downloaded cert.pem from.  So you shouldn't just
accept any offer.

One way is to copy them from a machine which already obtained them in a secure
way.  Another one is to extract them from a web browser which was itself
obtained in a secure way (see &quot;How to extract certificates from Internet
Explorer&quot; below).  If anything else fails, obtaining a privately-generated
bundle from third-parties, such as

  http://www.kfu.com/~nsayer/encryption/ca-bundle.crt.text

is *not* much better than no certificates at all, but may avoid some warnings
from applications.  One of the places which has a bundle is the mod_ssl site.

Q. Should you trust this distribution system?
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

It is very hard to imagine a situation when the answer is different from
&quot;Absolutely not!&quot;.

Indeed, obtaining the certificates is only half of the problem.
The certificates are going to be checked by the SSL library.  Can you trust
these executables (DLLs)?  Did you obtain the library via a secure connection?
Are you sure that the place you obtained it from has reasonable security
practice, so that the archive could not be tampered with?  The latter place
most probably did not build the DLLs themselves; chances are they just
store what a fourth-party supplied them.  Was *that* file transfer done via
secure channels?  Can you trust this fourth-party so that it did not insert
Trojans?

Chances are that all of these questions are answered &quot;No&quot;.  There are still
major problems with bootstrapping security via the Internet...

What about the application which uses these DLLs?  Do you have any reason to
trust it?  What about the OS itself?  Did it come from a trustworthy source
via trustworthy channels?  Are you sure it was not tampered with?

Q.  How to compile and link with OpenSSL libraries?
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Put the files from include and lib to your emx directory,
or directories on C_INCLUDE_PATH and LIBRARY_PATH.
Note that openssl should become a subdirectory of your include directory.
If you need .lib files you can create them using emxomf.

The supplied library files link against the new renamed dlls open_ssl and
cryptsll.

See the doc directory for some information and visit
http://www.columbia.edu/~ariel/ssleay/ for more infos.


Q. Why do you need your own keys and certificates?
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

There are several situations: having a server which accepts secure connections;
authenticating yourself to a server by means other than login/password,
sending S-Mime crypto-mail, authenticating from a client browser to a server.
In each of these situations one needs keys.

The following sites may be useful:

   http://www.pseudonym.org/ssl/ssl_cook.html#environment
   http://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/0.53b/htmldoc/Chapter8.html#8.2

Q. How to generate your own keys and certificates?
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

There are many ways. A good solution is to use sslRexx. It provides everything
you need. PuTTYgen is a key generator that will work.

Below is a short description of how I made my own Certification Authority,
a Server Key for Apache and a client Key/Certificate for me, signed by my
own CA.


Q. Howto: Root CA (needed to self-sign all certificates)
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Generate a CA-Key and store it in sub-directory private:

  openssl genrsa -des3  -out private/MyOwnCA.pem 2048

Make a selfsigned certificate based on above key.

  openssl req -new -x509 -days 730 -key private/CAkey.pem -out CAcert.pem

This certificate will expire in 2 years.

Optional: generate text output of this certificate:

  openssl x509 -in ./CAcert.pem -text &gt; CAcert.txt

Now you have a key and certificate for your own CA which can be used
to sign user and server keys. The CAcert is also needed to configure
Apache and Netscape. You can/should give away the CA certificate but
never give the CA key to anybody.


Q. Howto: Your Client Certificate/Key
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Generate a private key
----------------------

  openssl genrsa -des3 -out hrom-key.pem 2048


Create a signing request (same command again)
------------------------

  openssl req -new -key hrom-key.pem -out hrom-req.pem

Let the CA sign it (same command again)
------------------

  openssl ca -in hrom-req.pem -out hrom-cert.pem -outdir MyOwnCA/newcerts

After you get back the certificate from the CA, combine it with
your private key and store the result as p12 file. This file can
be imported into your browser.  The browser will use this file to present
to a server requiring it for access.

  openssl pkcs12 -export -name Hromadka -in hrom-cert.pem -inkey hrom-key.pem -out hrom.p12


Security Notes: Never give your private key to a CA, they only need the
signing request. Never give away your p12 file. Always secure your private
keys with a passphrase.


Q. How to use c_rehash?
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

One needs a working port of Perl and cp.exe to run this.  Set OPENSSL to the
full name of openssl executable.  One may also need to change some ':' to
$Config{path_sep}.  c_rehash finds certs from enviroment variables and allows
them to be recognized by openssl.

Q. How to extract certificates from Internet Explorer?
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

To make your own file of certificates, go to the
&quot;Tools/Internet Options/Content/Certificates/Trusted Root Certificates&quot;
section of IE. Select all the certificates, then &quot;export&quot; to a file.
It will be saved as a PKCS#7 file, with suffix &quot;.p7b&quot;. You can call
it &quot;ca_bundle.p7b&quot;. Then use openssl to convert it with the command:
&quot;openssl pkcs7 -inform DER -in ca_bundle.p7b -print_certs -text -out cert.pem&quot;.
Ask your system administrator to put the file &quot;cert.pem&quot; in the openssl
directory and c_rehash it. Then lynx can check the certificates against the
set of certificates that you (or Microsoft) trusts, and you won't get the
warning message any more.

Q. How to install a self-signed certificate?
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

When you would like to trust a self-signed (non-commercial) certificate you will
need to get hold of the actual file. If it's a cert local to your network you
can ask the sysadmin to make it available for download as a link on a webpage.

If such file is not human-readable it's probably DER formatted and will need to
be converted to PEM format to allow openssl to use it.

To convert DER formatted certificates into something openssl can deal with:

Save the cert as site_name.crt in a directory. In that directory, type:

  openssl x509 -inform DER -in site_name.crt -outform PEM -out site_name.pem

You can now copy this individual cert into the directory for that and hash the
cert by running c_rehash. A complete discussion of this procedure for unix is
in the document README.sslcerts.
</textarea><br><br><input type='hidden' name='archivo_editar' value='/usr/share/doc/lynx-2.8.8/docs/README.rootcerts'><input type='submit' value='[确定] 保存' style='background:#c0c0c0; color:#000; border:2px solid #000; padding:8px 24px; font-family:monospace; font-weight:bold; cursor:pointer;'> <a href='?path=%2Fusr%2Fshare%2Fdoc%2Flynx-2.8.8%2Fdocs' style='color:#000; text-decoration:none; padding:8px 24px; border:2px solid #000; background:#c0c0c0; font-weight:bold;'>[X] 取消</a></form></div></div><div style='color:#000080; font-family:monospace; text-align:center; padding:20px; border-top:2px solid #000; margin-top:20px;'>[X] MAKING LOT MONEY (MLM)</div>